Last edition Elsevier The (printed) ‘Updated Edition’ now comes with added value access to the complete, downloadable eBook version via Student Consult. Search, read and revise whilst on the move and use the interactive self-assessment to test your understanding. Crash Course — a more flexible, practical learning package than ever before. Crash Course – your effective every day study companion PLUS the perfect antidote for exam stress! Save time and be assured you have all the core information you need in one place to excel on your course and achieve exam success. A winning formula now for over 15 years, each series volume has been fine tuned and fully updated, with an improved layout tailored to make your life easier. Especially written by senior medical students or recent graduates – those who have just been in the exam situation – with all information thoroughly checked and quality assured by expert faculty advisers, the result are books which exactly meet your needs and you know you can trust. Each provides an integrated approach to the subject by linking together topics such as anatomy, development, histology, physiology and pharmacology. Diseases and complaints, clerking, clinical assessment and examination, common skills and further investigations are also covered.
Last Edition
ISBN 13:р9780723438595
Imprint:рMosby
Language:рEnglish
Authors:рTimothy L Jones
Pub Date:р01/2015
Pages:р154
Illus:р123 illustrations
Weight:р330.00 grams
Size:р216 X 276 mm
Product Type:рSoftcover
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- • More than 125 illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner
- Friendly and accessible approach to the subject makes learning especially easy
- • Written by students for students - authors who understand exam pressure
- • Contains ‘Hints and Tips’ boxes, and other useful aide-m?moires
- • Succinct coverage of the subject enables ‘sharp focus’ and efficient use of time during exam preparation
- • Contains a fully updated self-assessment section - ideal for honing exam skills and self-testing
- • Self-assessment section fully updated to reflect current exam requirements
- • Contains ‘common exam pitfalls’ as advised by faculty
- • Crash Courses also available electronically!
- • Online self-assessment bank also available - content edited by Dan Horton-Szar!
- • Commencing with clear 'Learning Objectives', every chapter guides you succinctly through the topic, giving full coverage of the curriculum whilst avoiding unnecessary and often confusing detail. A fully revised self- assessment section matching the latest exam formats is also included.
- Timothy L Jones, MBChB (Hons), Emergency Medicine Junior Clinical Fellow, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
- Series editor foreword Prefaces Acknowledgements Contents
- • Chapter 1: Organization of the kidneys
- • Overview of the kidney and urinary tract • Functions of the kidney and the urinary tract • General organization of the kidneys • Macroscopic organization • The nephron and histology • Glomerulus • Proximal tubule • Loop of Henle • Distal tubule • Collecting ducts • Blood supply and vascular structure • Function of the renal blood supply • Juxtaglomerular apparatus • Hormones produced by the kidney • Renin • Erythropoietin • Clinical use of EPO • Vitamin D • Development of the kidneys • Congenital abnormalities of the kidney • Agenesis of the kidney • Hypoplasia • Ectopic kidney • Horseshoe kidney
- • Chapter 2: The glomerulus
- • Glomerular structure and function • Structure of the glomerular filter • Endothelial cells • Basement membrane • Epithelial lining • Mesangium • Process of glomerular filtration • Molecular size and electrical charge • Glomerular filtration rate • Forces governing tissue fluid formation • Forces governing glomerular filtration rate • Measurement of glomerular filtration rate • Clearance • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) • Regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate • Myogenic mechanism • Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism • Renal blood flow and systemic blood pressure • Diseases of the glomerulus • Overview • The mechanisms of glomerular injury • Circulating immune complex nephritis • In situ immune complex deposition • Cell-mediated immunity • Activation of alternative complement pathway • Cytotoxic antibodies • Clinical manifestations of glomerular disease • Asymptomatic haematuria • Asymptomatic proteinuria • Nephrotic syndrome • Acute nephritic syndrome • Rapidly progressive GN • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) • Primary glomerulonephritis typically presenting with heavy proteinuria or the nephrotic syndrome • Minimal change disease • Membranous glomerulonephropathy • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis • Primary glomerulonephritis typically presenting with the nephritic syndrome • IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) • Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis • Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis • Membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy • Secondary glomerulonephritis • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis • Non-streptococcal glomerulonephritis • Systemic lupus erythematosus • Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura • Bacterial endocarditis • Diabetic glomerulosclerosis • Amyloidosis • Goodpasture's syndrome • Microscopic polyarteritis nodosa (also known as microscopic polyangiitis) • Wegener's granulomatosis • Hereditary nephritis • Alport's syndrome • Fabry's syndrome
- • Chapter 3: The tubules and the interstitium
- • Overview • Transport processes in the renal tubule • Transport mechanisms • Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion • Primary active transport • Secondary active transport • Ion channels • Regulation of body fluid pH • Buffers • Definition • Henderson-Hasselbalch equation • Physiological buffers • Bicarbonate buffer system • Renal regulation of plasma HCO3- • HCO3- reabsorption by the proximal tubule • HCO3- reabsorption by the distal tubule • Conversion of alkaline phosphate to acid phosphate - luminal buffer • Ammonia secretion - luminal buffer • Acid-base disturbances • Examples of acid-base disturbances • Respiratory acidosis • Respiratory alkalosis • Metabolic acidosis • Metabolic alkalosis • Regulation of calcium and phosphate • Calcium • Calcium and phosphate homeostasis • Parathyroid hormone • Vitamin D • Calcitonin • Ca2+ transport by the kidney • Phosphate • Clinical features and causes of Ca2 disturbances • Hypocalcaemia • Hypercalcaemia • Regulation of potassium and magnesium • Potassium • Transport of potassium • K transport by the kidney • Hypokalaemia • Hyperkalaemia • Clinical features • Treatment • Magnesium • Renal handling of Mg2+ • Hypomagnesaemia • Transport of other solutes in the tubules • Glucose • Amino acids • Urea • Sulphate • The loop of henle • Role of the loop of Henle • Structure of the loop of Henle • Thin descending limb • Thin ascending limb • Thick ascending limb • Countercurrent multiplication • Role of vasa recta and urea • Body fluid osmolality • Concepts of osmolality • Osmoreceptors • Sensitivity of osmoreceptors to osmotic changes caused by different solutes • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) • Synthesis and storage • Release • Cellular actions • Aquaporins • Drugs affecting ADH release • Water clearance and reabsorption • Effect of solute output on urine volume • Adrenal steroids and urinary dilution • Disorders of osmolality • Hyponatraemia • Causes • Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) • Hypernatraemia • Causes • Diabetes insipidus • Diseases of the tubules and interstitium • Overview • Acute tubular necrosis • Ischaemic acute tubular necrosis • Toxic acute tubular necrosis • Rhabdomyolysis • Tubulointerstitial nephritis • Pyelonephritis • Acute pyelonephritis • Chronic pyelonephritis • Toxin- and drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis • Acute urate nephropathy • Hypercalcaemia and nephrocalcinosis • Multiple myeloma
- • Chapter 4: Body fluid volume
- • Control of body fluid volume • Basic concepts • Body fluids • Sodium balance • Handling of sodium by the kidney • Transport of sodium in the proximal tubule • The distal tubule and loop of Henle handling sodium • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system • Renin • Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin • Aldosterone • Other factors affecting Na+ reabsorption • Starling's forces in the proximal tubule • Sympathetic drive from the renal nerves • Prostaglandins • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) • Renal responses to systemic disorders • Congestive cardiac failure • Treatment and management • Hypovolaemia and shock • Cardiogenic shock • Vasodilated shock • Hypovolaemic shock • Treatment • Hepatorenal syndrome • Hypertension • Essential hypertension • Secondary hypertension • Renal causes • Endocrine causes • Drug causes • Coarctation of the aorta • Management of hypertension • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE i) • Diuretics • Osmotic diuretics • Loop diuretics • Thiazide diuretics • Potassium-sparing diuretics • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors • Diseases of the renal blood vessels • Renal artery stenosis • Thrombotic microangiopathies • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura • Renal infarction • Embolic infarction • Diffuse cortical necrosis • Sickle-cell disease nephropathy • Benign nephrosclerosis • Malignant nephrosclerosis
- • Chapter 5: The lower urinary tract
- • Organization of the lower urinary tract • Overview • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Interior of the bladder • Male urethra • Female urethra • Prostate • Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract • Ureteric abnormalities • Double and bifid ureters • Pelviureteric junction obstruction • Bladder abnormalities • Diverticula • Exstrophy • Urethral abnormalities • Hypospadias • Epispadias • Urethral valves • Micturition • Normal micturition • Neurological disorders of micturition • Lesion in the superior frontal gyrus • Lesion of afferent nerves from the bladder • Lesion of both afferent and efferent nerves • Spinal cord lesion • Spina bifida • Diabetes mellitus • Multiple sclerosis • Pelvic surgery • Urinary incontinence • Stress incontinence • Urge incontinence • Overflow incontinence • Continuous incontinence • Functional incontinence • Mixed incontinence • Nocturnal enuresis - bedwetting • Urinary tract obstruction and urolithiasis • Urinary tract obstruction • Congenital abnormalities • Tumours • Calculi (urolithiasis) • Pregnancy • Hyperplastic lesions • Inflammation • Neurogenic disorders • Hydronephrosis • Presentation of urinary obstruction • Urolithiasis (urinary calculi) • Presentation • Treatment • Inflammation of the urinary tract • Cystitis • Chronic cystitis • Interstitial cystitis • Malakoplakia vesicae • Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) • Urethritis • Disorders of the prostate • Prostatitis • Acute prostatitis • Chronic prostatitis • Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis • Benign prostatic hypertrophy • Incidence • Presentation • Pathology • Complications • Treatment • Medical treatment • Surgical treatment
- • Chapter 6: Neoplasia and cysts of the urinary system
- • Neoplastic disease of the kidney • Benign tumours of the kidney • Renal fibroma or hamartoma • Cortical adenoma • Malignant tumours of the kidney • Renal cell carcinoma • Incidence and risk factors • Presentation • Diagnosis • Pathology • Prognosis • Treatment • Wilms? tumour (nephroblastoma) • Incidence and presentation • Pathology • Treatment and prognosis • Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis • Neoplastic disease of the ureters and bladder • Tumours of the ureters • Benign tumours of the ureter • Malignant tumours of the ureters • Tumours of the bladder • Metaplasia • Benign tumours of the bladder • Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder • Presentation • Pathology • Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis • Squamous cell carcinoma • Adenocarcinoma • Carcinoma of the prostate • Incidence and risk factors • Presentation • Pathology • Diagnosis • Treatment and prognosis • Cystic diseases of the kidney • Overview • Polycystic kidney disease • Adult - autosomal dominant • Incidence and presenting features • Pathology • Diagnosis • Prognosis • Treatment • Child - autosomal recessive • Incidence and presenting features • Pathology • Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment • Cystic renal dysplasia • Medullary sponge kidney • Incidence and presenting features • Pathology • Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment • Acquired cystic disease (dialysis associated) • Simple cysts
- • Chapter 7: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease
- • Terminology • Uraemia • Acute kidney injury • Diagnostic approach to AKI • Management • Chronic kidney disease • Screening of people at risk • Causes • Preventing progression of CKD • Complications and management • Fluid retention • Hypertension • Increased cardiovascular risk • Osteodystrophy • Anaemia • Electrolyte disturbances • Acidosis • Uraemia • Renal replacement therapy • Haemodialysis • Haemofiltration • Peritoneal dialysis • Renal transplantation • Pharmacokinetics in renal disease • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Elimination
- • Chapter 8: Clinical assessment of the renal system
- • History • History of presenting complaint • Past medical history • Drug history • Family history • Social history • Ideas, concerns and expectations • Examination • General inspection • Hands • Arms • Blood pressure • Face • Neck • Thorax • Respiratory system • Cardiovascular system • Abdomen • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation • Digital rectal examination • Legs • Testing the blood and urine • Haematuria • Causes • Diagnostic approach • Proteinuria • Imaging and other investigations • Plain radiography • Ultrasonography • Computed tomography • Intravenous urography and intravenous pyelography • Renal arteriography • Micturating cystourethrography • Urodynamic studies • Retrograde pyelography • Antegrade pyelography • Magnetic resonance imaging • Radionuclide scanning • Other imaging techniques • Cystoscopy • Renal biopsy • Single best answer questions (SBA) • Extended-matching questions (EMQs) • SBA answers • EMQ answers • Glossary • Index
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