Basic Clinical Neuroscience Third edition

Basic Clinical Neuroscience 3

Last edition Elsevier Clinically oriented and student-friendly, Basic Clinical Neuroscience provides the anatomic and pathophysiologic basis necessary to understand neurologic abnormalities. This concise but comprehensive text emphasizes the localization of specific medically important anatomic structures and clinically important pathways, using anatomy-enhancing illustrations. Updated throughout to reflect recent advances in the field, the Third Edition features new clinical boxes, over 100 additional review questions, and striking full color artwork.

Last edition

ISBN 13:h9781451173291

Imprint:hLippincott Williams & Wilkins

Language:hEnglish

Authors:hPaul A. Young

Pub Date:h02/2015

Pages:h464

Illus:h325 Illustrations

Weight:h1,850.00 grams

Size:h178 x 254 mm

Product Type:hSoftcover

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  • • Clinical Connection boxes
  • • Review questions at the end of each chapter and detailed answers in the back of the book
  • • An entire chapter on locating lesions
  • • An atlas of myelin-stained sections
  • • Unique, hand-drawn, full color artwork
  • • A glossary of key terms
  • Paul A. Young PhD Professor, Center for Anatomical Science and Education, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
  • Daniel L. Tolbert PhD Professor and Director, Center for Anatomical Science and Education, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
  • Front Matter Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition
  • Part I: Organization, Cellular Components, and Topography of the CNS
  • 1: Introduction, Organization, and Cellular Components
  • ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 1-1 NERVOUS SYSTEM SUPPORT AND PROTECTION The Meninges Dura Mater Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Arachnoid Figure 1-4 Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Clinical Connection Supporting Cells Astrocytes Figure 1-5 Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Capsular Cells NEURONS Morphologic Properties Figure 1-8 Dendrites and Axons Table 1-1: COMPARISON OF AXONS AND DENDRITES Clinical Connection Synapses Physiologic Properties Resting Membrane Potential Electrotonic Conductance in the Soma-dendritic Membrane Figure 1-9 Action Potential Initiation and Conductance Saltatory Conduction Figure 1-10 Action Potential Frequency Encodes Information Synaptic Transmission PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASES AFFECTING NEUROTRANSMISSION AND ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION Degeneration and Regeneration Chapter Review Questions
  • 2: Spinal Cord: Topography and Functional Levels
  • SPINAL CORD GROSS ANATOMY Figure 2-1 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection SPINAL MENINGES Figure 2-2 Pia Mater and Arachnoid Dura Mater Clinical Connection Figure 2-3 Clinical Connection SPINAL NERVES Figure 2-4 SPINAL CORD TOPOGRAPHY SPINAL CORD INTERNAL STRUCTURE White Matter Gray Matter Nuclei or Cell Columns Laminae REGIONAL DIFFERENCES Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 SPINAL CORD INJURY Chapter Review Questions
  • 3: Brainstem: Topography and Functional Levels
  • Figure 3-1 Clinical Connection Figure 3-2 BRAINSTEM ANATOMY Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain BRAINSTEM TOPOGRAPHY Anterior Surface Medulla Figure 3-3 Pons Midbrain Posterior Surface Medulla Figure 3-4 Fourth Ventricle Cerebellar Peduncles Midbrain BRAINSTEM RETICULAR FORMATION Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 3-11 Figure 3-12 Figure 3-13 BRAINSTEM FUNCTIONAL LEVELS Rostral Part of Closed Medulla Caudal Part of Open Medulla Rostral Part of Open Medulla Caudal Part of Pons Middle Part of Pons Rostral Part of Pons Caudal Part of the Midbrain Rostral Part of Midbrain Chapter Review Questions
  • 4: Forebrain: Topography and Functional Levels DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY Figure 4-1 DIENCEPHALON Hypothalamus Figure 4-2 Thalamus Thalamic Nuclei Figure 4-3 Subthalamus Epithalamus CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE Lateral Surface Figure 4-4 Medial Surface Figure 4-5 FOREBRAIN FUNCTIONAL LEVELS Posterior Thalamic Figure 4-6 Mamillary Figure 4-7 Tuberal Figure 4-8 Chapter Review Questions
  • Part II: Motor Systems
  • 5: Lower Motor Neurons: Flaccid Paralysis
  • Figure 5-1 THE MOTOR UNIT Figure 5-2 BRAINSTEM LOWER MOTOR NEURONS Figure 5-3 Oculomotor Nucleus and Cranial Nerve III Figure 5-4 Clinical Connection Trochlear Nucleus and Cranial Nerve IV Figure 5-5 Clinical Connection Motor Trigeminal Nucleus and Motor Root of Cranial Nerve V Figure 5-6 Clinical Connection Abducens Nucleus and Cranial Nerve VI Figure 5-7 Clinical Connection Facial Nucleus and Motor Root of Cranial Nerve VII Figure 5-8 Clinical Connection Nucleus Ambiguus and Motor Roots of Cranial Nerves IX, X, and XI Figure 5-9 Clinical Connection Hypoglossal Nucleus and Cranial Nerve XII Figure 5-10 Clinical Connection Spinal Cord Lower Motor Neurons Figure 5-11 Clinical Connection Table 5-1: SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF SELECTED MUSCLES LOWER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROME SKELETAL MUSCLE Clinical Connection PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MOTOR UNIT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MOTOR UNIT Clinical Connection REFLEX ACTIVITY OF SPINAL MOTONEURONS Myotatic Reflex Figure 5-12 Table 5-2: MORE COMMONLY TESTED MYOTATIC REFLEXES Inverse Myotatic Reflex Figure 5-13 The Gamma Loop Figure 5-14 REFLEXES SERVE PROTECTIVE AND POSTURAL FUNCTIONS Chapter Review Questions
  • 6: The Pyramidal System: Spastic Paralysis
  • THE PYRAMIDAL OR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT Figure 6-1 Figure 6-2 Figure 6-3 Clinical Connection THE CORTICOBULBAR OR CORTICONUCLEAR TRACT Clinical Connection Figure 6-4 FUNCTION OF THE PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM Control of the Primary Motor Cortex Activity UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROME Table 6-1: COMPARISON OF UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROMES Capsular Stroke Figure 6-5 Figure 6-6 Figure 6-7 Figure 6-8 Figure 6-9 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY Clinical Connection COMBINED UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS Clinical Connection Clinical Connection SPINAL LESIONS Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 7: Spinal Motor Organization and Brainstem Supraspinal Paths: Postcapsular Lesion Recovery and Decerebrate Posturing
  • SPINAL MOTOR NEURONS Figure 7-1 The Propriospinal System of Neurons BRAINSTEM SUPRASPINAL CENTERS AND THEIR PATHWAYS Vestibular Nuclei Figure 7-2 Reticular Nuclei Red Nuclei Spinal Cord Arrangement of Supraspinal Paths CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPINAL MOTOR ORGANIZATION Postcapsular Lesion Recovery DECEREBRATE AND DECORTICATE POSTURING Figure 7-3 Figure 7-4 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 8: The Basal Ganglia: Dyskinesia
  • CORPUS STRIATUM Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3 Figure 8-4 Figure 8-5 Figure 8-6 SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Figure 8-7 CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA Overview Figure 8-8 Input Interconnections OUTPUT FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Figure 8-9 MOVEMENT PROGRAMS ARE ENABLED OR INHIBITED BY THE BASAL GANGLIA Figure 8-10 MANIFESTATIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA DISORDERS Negative Signs Positive Signs Dyskinesias PARKINSON DISEASE Figure 8-11 Clinical Connection HUNTINGTON DISEASE Figure 8-12 LESIONS OF THE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS TARDIVE DYSKINESIA CEREBRAL PALSY Hyperkinesia and Subthalamic Nucleus Hypokinesia and Dopamine Cognition Chapter Review Questions
  • 9: The Cerebellum: Ataxia
  • ANATOMIC SUBDIVISIONS Figure 9-1 Figure 9-2 CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 CEREBELLAR CORTEX Histology Figure 9-5 Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Figure 9-6 Neuronal Activity in the Cerebellar Cortex Clinical Connection CEREBELLAR NUCLEI Figure 9-7 POSTERIOR LOBE Connections of the Posterior Lobe Figure 9-8 Figure 9-9 Posterior Lobe Syndrome Figure 9-10 Clinical Connection Pathophysiology of Limb Ataxia Figure 9-11 ANTERIOR LOBE Figure 9-12 Connections of the Anterior Lobe Figure 9-13 Clinical Connection Anterior Lobe Syndrome Figure 9-14 FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE Connections of the Flocculonodular Lobe Figure 9-15 Flocculonodular Lobe Syndrome Figure 9-16 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 10: The Ocular Motor System: Gaze Disorders
  • TYPES OF EYE MOVEMENTS OCULAR MOTOR NUCLEI Figure 10-1 BRAINSTEM GAZE CENTERS Horizontal Center Figure 10-2 Clinical Connection Vertical Center Clinical Connection Vergence Center CORTICAL GAZE CENTERS Frontal Eye Field Figure 10-3 Figure 10-4 Clinical Connection Parietal and Temporal Eye Fields Clinical Connection Figure 10-5 Clinical Connection Occipital Eye Field SUPERIOR COLLICULUS Figure 10-6 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • Part III: Sensory Systems
  • 11: The Somatosensory System: Anesthesia and Analgesia
  • GENERAL SENSES Light Touch Pressure Vibration Sense Proprioception: Limb Position and Motion Sense Pain Temperature PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS Somatosensory Receptors Table 11-1: CLASSIFICATION OF SOMATOSENSORY RECEPTORS Tactile Receptors Figure 11-1 Temperature Receptors Pain Receptors Somatosensory Nerve Fibers Table 11-2: CLASSIFICATION OF SOMATOSENSORY NERVE FIBERS Clinical Connection Dermatomes Figure 11-2 SPINAL TACTILE, VIBRATION, AND PROPRIOCEPTION PATHWAYS Figure 11-3 Figure 11-4 First-Order Neurons Clinical Connection Second-Order Neurons Figure 11-5 Clinical Connection Third-Order Neurons SPINAL PAIN AND TEMPERATURE PATHWAYS Figure 11-6 Figure 11-7 First-Order Neurons Figure 11-8 Clinical Connection Second-Order Neurons Clinical Connection Figure 11-9 Clinical Connection Third-Order Neurons CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SPINAL SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS Table 11-3: COMPARISON OF DORSAL COLUMNS AND ANTEROLATERAL QUADRANTS OF SPINAL CORD Clinical Connection Clinical Connection GENERAL SENSATIONS FROM THE HEAD Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei Figure 11-10 CRANIAL TOUCH AND PROPRIOCEPTION PATHWAYS Figure 11-11 First-Order Neurons Figure 11-12 Second-Order Neurons Third-Order Neurons CRANIAL PAIN AND TEMPERATURE PATHWAYS First-Order Neurons Second-Order Neurons Clinical Connection Third-Order Neurons PHYSIOLOGY OF SAMATOSENSATIONS Surround Inhibition Somatosensory Cortical Processing CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS Figure 11-13 Figure 11-14 CENTRAL CONNECTIONS OF SLOW PAIN Figure 11-15 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Table 11-4: SUMMARY OF SPINAL PAIN PATHS PAIN MODULATION Figure 11-16 Exogenous Control Endogenous Control Chapter Review Questions
  • 12: The Auditory System: Deafness
  • THE EAR Figure 12-1 Clinical Connection Figure 12-2 Auditory Receptors COCHLEAR RECEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF AUDITORY STIMULI Figure 12-3 AUDITORY PATHWAY Figure 12-4 Clinical Connection Figure 12-5 Clinical Connection Bilateralism in the Auditory Pathways Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection AUDITORY MODULATION Clinical Connection Clinical Connections Chapter Review Questions
  • 13: The Vestibular System: Vertigo and Nystagmus
  • VESTIBULOSPINAL SYSTEM AND EQUILIBRIUM Clinical Connection Receptors Figure 13-1 Vestibular Nerve Figure 13-2 Vestibular Nuclei Vestibulospinal Tracts VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX Figure 13-3 Receptors Clinical Connection Nuclei and Paths Figure 13-4 Figure 13-5 Vestibulo-ocular Nystagmus Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 14: The Visual System: Anopsia
  • THE EYE Figure 14-1 Clinical Connection Figure 14-2 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection THE RETINA Figure 14-3 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RETINA Phototransduction and Initial Processing Occurs in the Retina Figure 14-4 VISUAL PATHWAY Figure 14-5 Clinical Connection Figure 14-6 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Figure 14-7 VISUAL FIELDS AND VISUAL PATHS Figure 14-8 PROCESSING OF VISUAL INFORMATION Color Vision Clinical Connection VISUAL REFLEXES The Light Reflex Figure 14-9 Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection The Pupillary Dilation Reflex Figure 14-10 Clinical Connection The Accommodation Reflexes Figure 14-11 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 15: The Gustatory and Olfactory Systems: Ageusia and Anosmia
  • GUSTATORY SYSTEM Gustatory Receptors Figure 15-1 Gustatory Pathway Figure 15-2 Figure 15-3 OLFACTORY SYSTEM Olfactory Receptors Figure 15-4 Olfactory Pathway Clinical Connection Figure 15-5 Clinical Connections Chapter Review Questions
  • Part IV: The Cerebral Cortex and Limbic System
  • 16: The Cerebral Cortex: Aphasia, Agnosia, and Apraxia
  • SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX HISTOLOGIC FEATURES Figure 16-1 Clinical Connection FUNCTIONAL HISTOLOGY Figure 16-2 CORTICAL CONNECTIONS Intracortical Fibers Association Fibers Figure 16-3 Commissural Fibers Figure 16-4 Clinical Connection Projection Fibers Figure 16-5 Clinical Connection FUNCTIONAL AREAS Figure 16-6 Figure 16-7 Table 16-1: CORTICAL FUNCTIONS AND LESION ABNORMALITIES Frontal Lobe Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Parietal Lobe Clinical Connection Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Hemispheric Lateralization of Function Figure 16-8 Language Areas and Aphasia Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 17: The Limbic System: Anterograde Amnesia and Inappropriate Social Behavior
  • LIMBIC LOBE Figure 17-1 HIPPOCAMPUS Figure 17-2 Connections Figure 17-3 Figure 17-4 Function Clinical Connection Figure 17-5 Clinical Connection AMYGDALA Connections Figure 17-6 Figure 17-7 Functions Clinical Connection ACCUMBENS AND SEPTAL NUCLEI Connections Figure 17-8 Figure 17-9 Functions LIMBIC CORTICAL AREAS Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • Part V: The Visceral System
  • 18: The Hypothalamus: Vegetative and Endocrine Imbalance
  • HYPOTHALAMIC SUBDIVISIONS AND NUCLEI Figure 18-1 Figure 18-2 Figure 18-3 CONNECTIONS Input Clinical Connection Output HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTIONS Table 18-1: HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTIONS AND NUCLEI Chapter Review Questions
  • 19: The Autonomic Nervous System: Visceral Abnormalities
  • AUTONOMIC EFFERENTS Basic Principles Figure 19-1 Figure 19-2 Table 19-1: PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF AUTONOMIC EFFERENT DIVISIONS Parasympathetic Division Figure 19-3 Sympathetic Division Figure 19-4 General Functions of Autonomic Efferents Table 19-2: EXAMPLES OF VISCERAL INNERVATION AUTONOMIC AFFERENTS Primary Visceral Afferents Figure 19-5 Brainstem Central Connections Figure 19-6 Spinal Central Connections Visceral Sensations Clinical Connection Referred Pain Figure 19-7 Figure 19-8 AUTONOMIC CONTROL CENTERS Table 19-3: PRINCIPAL AUTONOMIC CENTERS AND THEIR OUTPUT Control of the Heart Figure 19-9 Control of the Urinary Bladder Figure 19-10 Figure 19-11 Control of the Sex Organs Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • Part VI: The Reticular Formation and Cranial Nerves
  • 20: Reticular Formation: Modulation and Activation
  • Figure 20-1 AFFERENT CONNECTIONS Figure 20-2 EFFERENT CONNECTIONS FUNCTIONS Cranial Nerve Activity Voluntary Movements Autonomic Nervous System Activity Slow Pain Conduction and Modulation DIFFUSE MODULATING SYSTEMS Noradrenergic Locus Ceruleus Figure 20-3 Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei Figure 20-4 Dopaminergic Ventral Tegmental Area Figure 20-5 Cholinergic Brainstem and Basal Forebrain System Figure 20-6 RESPIRATION Figure 20-7 SLEEP Figure 20-8 Clinical Connection AROUSAL AND WAKEFULNESS Figure 20-9 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 21: Summary of the Cranial Nerves: Components and Abnormalities
  • COMPONENTS AND LESIONS Figure 21-1 Table 21-1: FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS AND DISTRIBUTION FOR CRANIAL NERVE FIBERS Table 21-2: SPECIAL SENSORY CRANIAL NERVES: OLFACTORY, OPTIC, AND VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR Figure 21-2 Table 21-3: OCULAR MOTOR NERVES: OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, AND ABDUCENS Figure 21-3 Table 21-4: TRIGEMINAL NERVE Figure 21-4 Table 21-5: FACIAL NERVE Figure 21-5 Table 21-6: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE Figure 21-6 Table 21-7: VAGUS NERVE Figure 21-7 Table 21-8: ACCESSORY AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES Figure 21-8 Table 21-9: CRANIAL NERVE COMPONENTS AND DISTRIBUTIONS Chapter Review Questions
  • Part VII: Accessory Components
  • 22: The Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System: Stroke
  • Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Clinical Connection THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER Clinical Connection CEREBRAL VASCULATURE Figure 22-1 Anterior or Carotid System Clinical Connection Clinical Connection Figure 22-2 Ophthalmic Artery Figure 22-3 Superior Hypophysial Arteries Figure 22-4 Clinical Connection Posterior Communicating Artery Clinical Connection Anterior Choroidal Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery A-1 Segment. Recurrent Artery of Heubner. Anterior Communicating Artery. Clinical Connection Postcommunicating or A-2 Segment. Figure 22-5 Callosomarginal Artery. Pericallosal Trunk Artery. Clinical Connection Middle Cerebral Artery M-1 Segment. Clinical Connection M-2 Segment. Figure 22-6 Clinical Connection Posterior or Vertebral-Basilar System Vertebral Arteries Figure 22-7 Figure 22-8 Figure 22-9 Clinical Connection Basilar Artery Figure 22-10 Posterior Cerebral Arteries Figure 22-11 Figure 22-12 Clinical Connection The Cerebral Arterial Circle of Willis Developmental Changes in the Circle of Willis Perforating Central Branches Clinical Connection Medial Striate Arteries. Lateral Striate Arteries. Figure 22-13 Thalamoperforate Arteries. Thalamogeniculate Arteries. SPINAL CORD VASCULATURE Clinical Connection Figure 22-14 Clinical Connection VEINS OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Figure 22-15 Figure 22-16 Clinical Connection CONTROL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW Chapter Review Questions
  • 23: The Cerebrospinal Fluid System: Hydrocephalus
  • THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM Figure 23-1 Lateral Ventricles Figure 23-2 Anterior or Frontal Horn Figure 23-3 Figure 23-4 Clinical Connection Body Atrium Posterior or Occipital Horn Figure 23-5 Inferior or Temporal Horn Interventricular Foramen (of Monro) Third Ventricle Figure 23-6 Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius Clinical Connection Fourth Ventricle Figure 23-7 SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND CISTERNS Figure 23-8 Clinical Connection CHOROID PLEXUS Clinical Connection CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CIRCULATION Figure 23-9 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TAP Clinical Connection HYDROCEPHALUS Clinical Connection Intracranial Pressure Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • Part VIII: Development, Aging, and Response of Neurons to Injury
  • 24: Development of the Nervous System: Congenital Anomalies
  • Figure 24-1 NEURULATION Figure 24-2 NEUROGENESIS, GLIOGENESIS, AND POLARITY OF THE CNS Figure 24-3 NEURONAL MIGRATION, SELECTIVE AGGREGATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION AXONAL GROWTH, TRACT FORMATION, AND MYELINATION SYNAPTOGENESIS PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OR APOPTOSIS DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal Cord Brain The Rhombencephalon and Mesencephalon Form the Brainstem Cerebellum Figure 24-4 Prosencephalon Diencephalon. Telencephalon. Clinical Connections Chapter Review Questions
  • 25: Aging of the Nervous System: Dementia
  • TYPES OF SENILE DEMENTIA Alzheimer Disease Figure 25-1 Figure 25-2 Neuron Loss Vascular and Other Dementias Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • 26: Recovery of Function of the Nervous System: Plasticity and Regeneration
  • Clinical Connection WALLERIAN OR ANTEROGRADE AXONAL DEGENERATION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 26-1 Clinical Connection FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER AXONAL INJURY IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Axon Reaction Axonal Regeneration in the PNS Clinical Connection FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER AXONAL INJURY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS PLASTICITY Lesion-Induced Plasticity Developmental Plasticity Adult Plasticity Figure 26-2 Clinical Connection Chapter Review Questions
  • Part IX: Where is the Lesion?
  • 27: Principles for Locating Lesions and Clinical Illustrations
  • SPINAL CORD Figure 27-1 Figure 27-2 Figure 27-3 Figure 27-4 BRAINSTEM Medial Brainstem Lesions Figure 27-5 Lateral Brainstem Lesions Figure 27-6 Figure 27-7 Figure 27-8 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE Figure 27-9 Clinical Illustrations Answers Back Matter Appendix A: Answers to Chapter Questions 1: Introduction, Organization, and Cellular Components 2: Spinal Cord: Topography and Functional Levels 3: Brainstem: Topography and Functional Levels 4: Forebrain: Topography and Functional Levels 5: Lower Motor Neurons: Flaccid Paralysis 6: The Pyramidal System: Spastic Paralysis 7: Spinal Motor Organization and Brainstem Supraspinal Paths: Postcapsular Lesion Recovery and Decerebrate Posturing 8: The Basal Ganglia: Dyskinesia 9: The Cerebellum: Ataxia 10: The Ocular Motor System: Gaze Disorders 11: The Somatosensory System: Anesthesia and Analgesia 12: The Auditory System: Deafness 13: The Vestibular System: Vertigo and Nystagmus 14: The Visual System: Anopsia 15: The Gustatory and Olfactory Systems: Ageusia and Anosmia 16: The Cerebral Cortex: Aphasia, Agnosia, and Apraxia 17: The Limbic System: Anterograde Amnesia and Inappropriate Social Behavior 18: The Hypothalamus: Vegetative and Endocrine Imbalance 19: The Autonomic Nervous System: Visceral Abnormalities 20: Reticular Formation: Modulation and Activation 21 Summary of the Cranial Nerves: Components and Abnormalities 22: The Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System: Stroke 23: The Cerebrospinal Fluid System: Hydrocephalus 24: Development of the Nervous System: Congenital Anomalies 25: Aging of the Nervous System: Dementia 26: Recovery of Function of the Nervous System: Plasticity and Regeneration Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Suggested Readings Appendix D: Atlas of Myelin-Stained Sections Figure D-1 Figure D-2 Figure D-3 Figure D-4 Figure D-5 Figure D-6 Figure D-7 Figure D-8 Figure D-9 Figure D-10 Figure D-11 Figure D-12 Figure D-13 Figure D-14 Figure D-15 Figure D-16 Figure D-17 Figure D-18 Figure D-19 Figure D-20 Index
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