Woelfels Dental Anatomy Ninth Edition

Woelfels Dental Anatomy Ninth Edition

Last edition Elsevier Publisher’s Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Using clear explanations, a unique three-part organization, full-color illustrations, and interactive exercises, Woelfel’s Dental Anatomy, 9e helps dental hygiene students understand the relationship of the teeth to one another and to the bones, muscles, nerves, and vessels associated with the teeth and face. The book’s detailed coverage of dental anatomy and terminology prepares students for success on national board exams, while up-to-date information on the application of tooth morphology to dental practice prepares them for success in their future careers. Updated throughout with the latest scientific and technological advances, the Ninth Edition features expanded content, new tooth identification labeling exercises, additional board-style learning exercises, and a substantially updated full color art and design program.

Last Edition

ISBN 13:h9781496320223

Imprint:hLippincott Williams & Wilkins

Language:hEnglish

Authors:hRickne C. Scheid

Pub Date:h02/2016

Pages:h528

Illus:hIllustrated

Weight:h1,410.00 grams

Size:h216 x 276 mm

Product Type:hSoftcover

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$77,60
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  • • Revised chapters that reflect the latest scientific and technological advances in Periodontology,
  • • Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Forensic Dentistry have been updated by faculty with specialties in each area.
  • • New Tooth Identification Labeling Exercises, featuring over 80 step-by-step questions that cover the decisions required to identify a tooth, ask students to identify tooth anatomy (class, facial size, arch, type, mesial, and universal number).
  • • Additional board-style Learning Exercises in Chapters 2 -5 address the tooth identification and universal numbering system to better prepare students to pass board exams. New content addresses specific topics now included on national board exams, such as paranasal sinuses and dental anomalies.
  • • A substantially updated art and design programintroduces “red dot” markers for tooth identification and new color photos that better illustrate specific characteristics or traits of the tooth. New Glossary of Key Terms appears at the back of the book for easy reference.
  • • A unique comparative approach to tooth anatomy in Chapters 1-6 helps students understand the similarities and differences of each class of tooth.
  • • Topic Lists open each chapter in an outline format to orient students to the information that follows.
  • • Section-opening Learning Objectives allow students to read with a purpose and to assess their mastery of important knowledge and skills.
  • • Summary Tables capture complex material in an easy-to-understand format.
  • • Research Data sections provide both original and reviewed research findings based on thousands of teeth, casts, and mouths.
  • • Review Questions and Answers inserted throughout chapters help students assess their understanding of anatomical terminology and concepts and prepare for certification examinations.
  • • Learning Exercises that help students understand and apply topics include interactive activities, such as examining extracted teeth or tooth models or performing specific self- or partner examinations. Advanced Learning Exercises in Chapter 13 ask students to draw and sketch teeth or carve teeth from wax to help them become intimately familiar with tooth shape and terminology.
  • • Additional board-style Learning Exercises in Chapters 2 -5 address tooth identification and the universal numbering system to better prepare students for success on board exams. Chapter-ending Critical
  • • Thinking Questions give students an opportunity to apply what they've learned to more complex questions/exercises.
  • • A free, printable online dental anatomy study guide helps students master key information and includes traits, charts, and reference information.
    Rickne C. Scheid DDS (Author), Associate Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio Gabriela Weiss DDS (Author)
  • Clinical Boxes
  • Section I: Fuel Metabolism
  • Front Matter • About the Authors /• RICKNE C. SCHEID, DDS, MED /• GABRIELA WEISS, DDS
  • Reviewers /• Preface to the Ninth Edition /• NEW IN THIS EDITION /• BOOK FEATURES /• SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDYING TEETH /• GUIDELINES FOR STERILIZING AND STUDYING EXTRACTED TEETH
  • ADDITIONAL RESOURCES /• Instructor Resources /• Student Resources /• Acknowledgments /• ABOUT DR. JULIAN WOELFEL
  • PART 1: Comparative Tooth Anatomy
  • CHAPTER 1: Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology /• OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: NAMING TEETH BASED ON LOCATION WITHIN THE NORMAL, COMPLETE HUMAN DENTITION
  • A. COMPLETE PRIMARY DENTITION /• FIGURE 1-1. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• B. COMPLETE PERMANENT DENTITION /• FIGURE 1-2. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• REVIEW Questions
  • SECTION II: TOOTH IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS: UNIVERSAL, WORLD DENTAL FEDERATION (INTERNATIONAL), AND PALMER NUMBERING SYSTEMS
  • FIGURE 1-3. /• FIGURE 1-4. /• FIGURE 1-5. /• FIGURE 1-6. /• FIGURE 1-7. /• FIGURE 1-8.
  • TABLE 1-1: Major Tooth Identification Systems FIGURE 1-9. /• REVIEW Questions about Tooth Notation
  • SECTION III: TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THE TISSUES OF A TOOTH (AND DEFINITION OF ANATOMICAL CROWN AND ROOT)
  • • FIGURE 1-10. /• FIGURE 1-11. /• REVIEW Questions about Tooth Tissues
  • SECTION IV: INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODONTIUM (AND DEFINITION OF CLINICAL CROWN AND ROOT)
  • • FIGURE 1-12. /• FIGURE 1-13. /• FIGURE 1-14. /• FIGURE 1-15. /• FIGURE 1-16. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• REVIEW Questions about the Periodontium
  • SECTION V: TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE TOOTH SURFACES
  • FIGURE 1-17.
  • A. TERMS THAT IDENTIFY OUTER SURFACES (TOWARD THE CHEEKS OR LIPS) OF ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR TEETH
  • B. TERMS THAT IDENTIFY INNER SURFACES (TOWARD THE TONGUE) OF MAXILLARY VERSUS MANDIBULAR TEETH
  • C. TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE BITING SURFACES OF ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR TEETH
  • D. TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE APPROXIMATING SURFACES OF TEETH
  • E. TERMS TO DENOTE TOOTH SURFACE JUNCTIONS OR DIMENSIONS /• FIGURE 1-18. /• REVIEW Questions about Dimensions
  • F. DIVISIONS (THIRDS) OF THE CROWN OR ROOT (FOR PURPOSES OF DESCRIPTION) /• FIGURE 1-19.
  • G. ROOT-TO-CROWN RATIO /• FIGURE 1-20. /• REVIEW Questions about Tooth Terminology
  • SECTION VI: TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THE MORPHOLOGY OF A TOOTH
  • A. MORPHOLOGY OF AN ANATOMIC CROWN
  • 1. Elevations: Pointed Cusps and Linear Ridges /• a. Cusps: Cusp Names and Numbers /• FIGURE 1-21. /• b. Cusp Ridges /• FIGURE 1-22. /• FIGURE 1-23. /• FIGURE 1-24. /• FIGURE 1-25. /• FIGURE 1-26. /• FIGURE 1-27. /• FIGURE 1-28. /• c. Marginal Ridges and Cingulum /• FIGURE 1-29. /• FIGURE 1-30. /• FIGURE 1-31. /• d. Occlusal Table Outline versus Crown Outline /• FIGURE 1-32. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• e. Other Bulges and Ridges /• FIGURE 1-33. /• FIGURE 1-34. /• FIGURE 1-35.
  • 2. Depressions and Grooves of an Anatomic Crown /• FIGURE 1-36. /• FIGURE 1-37. /• FIGURE 1-38. /• FIGURE 1-39. /• FIGURE 1-40. /• FIGURE 1-41. /• FIGURE 1-42. /• FIGURE 1-43. /• B. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANATOMIC ROOT /• FIGURE 1-44. /• C. CERVICAL LINE (CEMENTOENAMEL JUNCTION OR CEJ) CURVATURE
  • TABLE 1-2: Summary of Curvatures of the Cementoenamel Junction /• D. RELATIVE SIZE
  • TABLE 1-3: Important Tooth Dimensions to Memorize
  • SECTION VII: TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO THE IDEAL TOOTH ALIGNMENT OF TEETH IN DENTAL ARCHES /• FIGURE 1-45.
  • A. MIDROOT AXIS LINE AND TOOTH ALIGNMENT /• FIGURE 1-46. /• FIGURE 1-47. /• FIGURE 1-48. /• FIGURE 1-49.
  • B. CREST OF CURVATURE (HEIGHT OF CONTOUR) ON THE FACIAL AND LINGUAL SURFACE /• FIGURE 1-50. /• FIGURE 1-51. /• TABLE 1-4: Summary of the Location of Facial and Lingual Heights of Contour (Greatest Bulge) of the Crown (Best Seen from the Proximal View)
  • C. CONTACT AREAS (OR PROXIMAL CRESTS OF CURVATURE) /• FIGURE 1-52. /• FIGURE 1-53. /• FIGURE 1-54. /• FIGURE 1-55.
  • D. EMBRASURE SPACES /• FIGURE 1-56. /• FIGURE 1-57. /• REVIEW Questions
  • SECTION VIII: IDEAL OCCLUSION: INTER (BETWEEN) ARCH RELATIONSHIP OF TEETH /• FIGURE 1-58. /• FIGURE 1-59. /• FIGURE 1-60. /• FIGURE 1-61. /• REVIEW Questions about Occlusion
  • SECTION IX: TOOTH DEVELOPMENT FROM LOBES /• FIGURE 1-62. /• FIGURE 1-63.
  • TABLE 1-5: Guidelines for Determining the Number of Lobes Forming Adult Tooth /• REVIEW Questions about Lobes
  • SECTION X: INTERESTING VARIATIONS IN ANIMAL TEETH COMPARED TO HUMAN TEETH USING DENTAL FORMULAE
  • TABLE 1-6: Some Dental Formulae (Order of Teeth per Quadrant) and Interesting Facts about Teeth in Animals2–4 /• LEARNING EXERCISE 1 /• LEARNING EXERCISE 2 /• FIGURE 1-64. /• LEARNING EXERCISE 3 /• FIGURE 1-65. /• FIGURE 1-66. /• LEARNING EXERCISE 4 /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCES
  • 1. Advanced Topics about the Embryology and Mineral Content of Tooth Tissues /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data
  • TABLE 1-7: Average Measurements on 4572 Extracted Teeth Obtained From Ohio Dentists during a Study by Dr. Woelfel and his First-Year Dental Hygiene Students of the Ohio State University College of Dentistry, 1974–1979
  • • CHAPTER 2: Morphology of the Permanent Incisors
  • SECTION I: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INCISORS
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTIONS I, II, AND III
  • A. LOCATION OF INCISORS IN THE MOUTH /• FIGURE 2-1. /• FIGURE 2-2.
  • B. FUNCTIONS OF INCISORS /• FIGURE 2-3. /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • C. STUDYING TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
  • SECTION II: CLASS TRAITS THAT APPLY TO MOST INCISORS
  • FIGURE 2-4.
  • TABLE 2-1: Guideline for Determining the Number of Lobes for Incisors /• A. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST INCISORS FROM THE FACIAL VIEW /• B. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST INCISORS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• C. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST INCISORS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• D. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST INCISORS FROM THE INCISAL VIEW
  • SECTION III: ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MANDIBULAR FROM MAXILLARY INCISORS
  • A. MANDIBULAR INCISORS ARE SMALLER AND LOOK MORE ALIKE
  • B. CONTACTS POSITIONED MORE INCISALLY ON MANDIBULAR INCISORS
  • C. MANDIBULAR INCISOR CROWNS ARE WIDER FACIOLINGUALLY
  • D. MAXILLARY INCISORS HAVE PROMINENT LINGUAL ANATOMY /• FIGURE 2-5.
  • E. MANDIBULAR INCISOR ROOTS ARE RELATIVELY LONGER
  • F. MANDIBULAR INCISAL RIDGES ARE MORE LINGUAL
  • G. INCISAL EDGE WEARS LABIALLY ON MANDIBULAR INCISORS /• FIGURE 2-6. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• FIGURE 2-7.
  • TABLE 2-2: Major Arch Traits That Distinguish Maxillary from Mandibular Incisors
  • SECTION IV: TYPE TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY CENTRAL FROM LATERAL INCISORS (FROM ALL VIEWS)
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION IV
  • A. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE LABIAL VIEW
  • 1. Crown Shape of Maxillary Incisors (Labial View)
  • 2. Proximoincisal Line Angles of the Maxillary Incisor (Labial View)
  • 3. Proximal Contact Most Cervical on Distal of Laterals (Labial View) /• FIGURE 2-8.
  • 4. Maxillary Central Incisors Have Relatively Shorter Roots (Labial View)
  • 5. Root Thinner and Longer on Lateral Incisors (Labial View Compared with the Proximal View)
  • B. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 2-9.
  • 1. Lingual Fossae Deeper on Maxillary Lateral Incisors (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 2-10.
  • 2. Cingulum of Maxillary Incisors (Lingual View)
  • 3. Marginal Ridges of Maxillary Incisors (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 2-11.
  • 4. Pits on Maxillary Incisors (Lingual View)
  • 5. Accessory Ridges and Grooves on Maxillary Incisors (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 2-12.
  • 6. Root Contour of Maxillary Incisors (Lingual View)
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 2-13.
  • 1. Incisal Edges Labial to Root Axis: Maxillary Central Has Slight Distolingual Twist (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 2-14.
  • 2. Cervical Line of Maxillary Incisors (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 2-15. /• FIGURE 2-16.
  • 3. Root Shape and Root Depressions of Maxillary Incisors (Proximal Views)
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE INCISAL VIEW /• FIGURE 2-17.
  • 1. Crown Proportion Faciolingually versus Mesiodistally for Maxillary Incisors (Incisal View)
  • 2. Crown Outline Shape and Cingulum Location of Maxillary Incisors (Incisal View) /• FIGURE 2-18.
  • 3. Maxillary Central Incisor May have a Very Slight Distolingual Twist (Incisal View) /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION V: TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MANDIBULAR CENTRAL FROM LATERAL INCISORS (FROM ALL VIEWS)
  • OBJECTIVES
  • A. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE LABIAL VIEW /• FIGURE 2-19.
  • 1. Crown Shape of Mandibular Incisors (Labial View) /• FIGURE 2-20. /• FIGURE 2-21.
  • 2. Incisal Proximal Angles of Mandibular Incisors (Labial View)
  • 3. Proximal Contact Areas of Mandibular Incisors (Labial View) /• TABLE 2-3: Location of Proximal Contacts (Proximal Height of Contour) on Incisors (Best Seen from Facial View)
  • 4. Root-To-Crown Proportions of Mandibular Incisors (Labial View)
  • 5. Root Shape of Mandibular Incisors (Labial View)
  • B. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 2-22. /• 1. Cingulum of Mandibular Incisors (Lingual View) /• 2. Lingual Anatomy (Marginal Ridges and Fossae) of Mandibular Incisors (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 2-23. /• 3. Root Contours of Mandibular Incisors (Lingual View)
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 2-24. /• 1. Incisal Edge on Mandibular Incisors (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 2-25. /• 2. Cervical Line on Mandibular Incisors (Proximal Views) /• 3. Crest of Curvature of Mandibular Incisors (Proximal Views) /• 4. Root Shape and Depressions of Mandibular Incisors (Proximal Views) /• TABLE 2-4: Presence and Relative Depth of Longitudinal Root Depressions (“Root Grooves”) on Incisors
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE INCISAL VIEW /• FIGURE 2-26. /• 1. Crown Outline and Incisal Ridge Alignment on Mandibular Incisors (Incisal View) /• FIGURE 2-27. /• 2. Incisal Ridge Is on or Lingual to Root Axis on Mandibular Incisors (Incisal View)
  • SECTION VI: INTERESTING VARIATIONS AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN INCISORS
  • FIGURE 2-28. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• REVIEW Questions about Incisors /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCES /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data /• TABLE 2-5A: Size of Maxillary Incisors (Millimeters) /• TABLE 2-5B: Size of Mandibular Incisors (Millimeters)
  • CHAPTER 3: Morphology of the Permanent Canines
  • SECTION I: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CANINES
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTIONS I AND II /• A. LOCATION OF CANINES IN THE MOUTH /• FIGURE 3-1. /• FIGURE 3-2. /• B. FUNCTIONS OF CANINES /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION II: CLASS TRAITS OF CANINES (BOTH MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR)
  • A. SIZE OF CANINES /• FIGURE 3-3. /• B. CANINE TRAITS THAT ARE SIMILAR TO INCISOR TRAITS /• FIGURE 3-4. /• FIGURE 3-5. /• C. INCISAL RIDGES AND CUSP TIPS OF CANINES /• FIGURE 3-6. /• D. LABIAL CONTOUR OF CANINES /• FIGURE 3-7. /• E. CROWN PROPORTIONS OF CANINES
  • SECTION III: ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR CANINES (FROM EACH VIEW)
  • OBJECTIVES /• FIGURE 3-8.
  • A. CANINES FROM THE LABIAL VIEW /• 1. Canine Morphology (Labial View)
  • TABLE 3-1: Guideline for Determining the Number of Lobes for Canines /• 2. Canine Shape and Size (Labial View) /• FIGURE 3-9. /• 3. Canine Cusp Tip and Incisal Ridges (Labial View) /• 4. Canine Proximal Contact Areas (Labial View)
  • TABLE 3-2: Location of Proximal Contacts (Proximal Height of Contour) on Canines (Best Seen from Facial View) /• 5. Canine Tooth Proportions (Labial View) /• 6. Canine Root Contour From the Labial View
  • B. CANINES FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 3-10. /• 1. Canine Lingual Ridges and Fossae (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 3-11. /• 2. Canine Cingulum (Lingual View) /• 3. Canine Marginal Ridges (Lingual View) /• 4. Root Contours of Canines (Lingual View)
  • C. CANINES FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 3-12. /• 1. Canine Outline (Proximal Views) /• 2. Location of Cusp Ridges and Cusp Tip of Canines (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 3-13. /• 3. Canine Height of Contour (Proximal Views) /• 4. Canine Cervical Line (Proximal Views) /• 5. Canine Root Shape and Depressions (Proximal Views) /• TABLE 3-3: Presence and Relative Depth of Longitudinal Root Depressions
  • D. CANINES FROM THE INCISAL VIEW /• FIGURE 3-14. /• 1. Canine Crown Proportions (Incisal View) /• 2. Canine Incisal Edge (Cusp Tip) Contour (Incisal View) /• FIGURE 3-15. /• 3. Canine Cingulum and Lingual Ridge (Incisal View) /• 4. Canine Labial Contour (Incisal View) /• FIGURE 3-16. /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION IV: INTERESTING FACTS AND VARIATIONS IN CANINE TEETH
  • FIGURE 3-17. /• FIGURE 3-18. /• FIGURE 3-19. /• FIGURE 3-20. /• FIGURE 3-21. /• REVIEW Questions /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCES /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data
  • TABLE 3-4: Size of Canines (Measured by Dr. Woelfel and His Dental Hygiene Students, 1974–1979)
  • CHAPTER 4: Morphology of Premolars
  • SECTION I: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PREMOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTIONS I, II, AND III
  • A. LOCATION OF PREMOLARS IN THE MOUTH /• FIGURE 4-1. /• FIGURE 4-2.
  • B. FUNCTIONS OF PREMOLARS /• FIGURE 4-3.
  • SECTION II: CLASS TRAITS THAT APPLY TO MOST PREMOLARS
  • A. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PREMOLARS THAT ARE SIMILAR TO ANTERIOR TEETH /• 1. Most Anterior Teeth and Premolars Develop from Four Lobes /• FIGURE 4-4.
  • TABLE 4-1: Guideline for Determining the Number of Lobes for Premolarsa /• 2. Crown Shape Similarities to Anterior Teeth /• a. Crowns Taper Narrower toward the Cervical /• b. Crowns Taper Narrower to the Lingual /• c. Distal Contacts Are More Cervical Than Are Mesial Contacts /• 3. Cervical Line Curvature /• 4. Root Shape /• FIGURE 4-5.
  • B. CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PREMOLARS THAT DIFFER FROM ANTERIOR TEETH /• 1. Tooth Surface Terminology /• 2. Premolars Have Cusps versus Incisal Edges /• 3. Crown and Root Length /• 4. Crown Shape /• a. Pentagon Crown Outline /• b. Location and Shape of Premolar Cusp Tips /• c. Proximal Contacts and Tooth Proportions from the Occlusal View /• d. Proximal Contacts and Marginal Ridges Are Most Often More Cervical on the Distal /• e. Facial and Lingual Crests of Curvature /• 5. Ridges and Grooves /• a. Marginal Ridge Orientation /• b. Cusp Ridges and Marginal Ridges Bound the Occlusal Table /• c. Most Triangular Ridges Join to Form Transverse Ridges /• FIGURE 4-6. /• d. Grooves and Fossae /• FIGURE 4-7. /• FIGURE 4-8.
  • SECTION III: ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS
  • A. LINGUAL CROWN TILT IN MANDIBULAR, NOT MAXILLARY PREMOLARS
  • B. DISTAL CROWN TILT IN MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS /• FIGURE 4-9.
  • C. CUSP SIZE AND LOCATION
  • D. BUCCAL RIDGE PROMINENCE
  • E. CROWN PROPORTIONS /• FIGURE 4-10. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• TABLE 4-2: Major Arch Traits That Distinguish Maxillary from Mandibular Premolars
  • SECTION IV: TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FIRST FROM SECOND PREMOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES
  • A. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-11. /• 1. Pentagon-Shaped Crowns (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 4-12. /• 2. Mesial Cusp Ridges Shorter Than Distal on Maxillary Premolars (Buccal View) /• 3. Buccal Cusp Sharper on Maxillary First Premolars (Buccal View) /• 4. Buccal Ridge More Prominent on Maxillary First Premolars (Buccal View) /• 5. Roots of Maxillary Premolars (Buccal View)
  • B. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-13. /• 1. Lingual Cusps Slightly Shorter Than Buccal on Maxillary Premolars (Lingual View) /• 2. Lingual Cusp Tip Mesial to Midline on Maxillary Premolars (Lingual View) /• 3. Maxillary Premolar Mesial Marginal Ridge More Occlusal Than on Distal (Lingual View) /• 4. Roots of Maxillary Premolars (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 4-14.
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 4-15. /• 1. Mesial Crown Concavity Unique on Maxillary First Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 2. Buccal Cusp Slightly Longer on Maxillary Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 3. Crest (Height) of Curvature on Maxillary Premolars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 4-16. /• 4. Marginal Ridge Grooves on Maxillary Premolars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 4-17. /• 5. Cervical Line Curve Larger on Mesial When Comparing Proximal Views /• 6. Roots and Root Depressions of Maxillary Premolars (Proximal Views)
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-18. /• 1. Maxillary First Premolars Larger Than Second (Occlusal View) /• 2. Central Groove Longer on Maxillary First Premolars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-19. /• 3. Triangular Fossae (Occlusal View) /• 4. More Supplemental Grooves on Maxillary Second Premolars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-20. /• 5. Maxillary Premolars Wider Buccolingually (Occlusal View) /• 6. Maxillary First Premolar Is More Asymmetrical (Occlusal View) /• 7. Contact Areas on Maxillary Premolars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-21. /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION V: TYPE TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MANDIBULAR FIRST FROM SECOND PREMOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES /• FIGURE 4-22. /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • A. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-23. /• 1. Pentagon Shape of Both Mandibular Premolars (Buccal View) /• 2. Relative Size of Mandibular Premolars (Buccal View) /• 3. Mesial Cusp Ridge Shorter Than Distal Cusp Ridge (Buccal View) /• 4. Buccal Cusp of Mandibular First Is Sharper Than Second (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 4-24. /• 5. Location of Proximal Contacts on Mandibular Premolars (Buccal View) /• TABLE 4-3: Premolars: Location of Proximal Contacts (Proximal Height of Contour) in Premolars (Seen Best from Buccal View)a /• 6. Cusp Ridge Notches and Vertical Depressions of Mandibular Premolars (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 4-25. /• 7. Roots of Mandibular Premolars (Buccal View)
  • B. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-26. /• 1. Lingual Cusp Width of Mandibular Premolars (Lingual View) /• 2. Lingual Cusps Length on Mandibular Premolars (Lingual View) /• 3. Marginal Ridge and Contact Heights of Mandibular Premolars (Lingual View) /• 4. Mesiolingual versus Lingual Grooves on Mandibular Premolars (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 4-27. /• 5. Roots of Mandibular Premolars (Lingual View)
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 4-28. /• 1. Lingual Tilt and Shorter Lingual Cusps of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 4-29. /• 2. Marginal Ridge Alignment of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 4-30. /• 3. Marginal Ridge Grooves and Mesiolingual Grooves on Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 4. Buccal and Lingual Crests of Curvature of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 5. Cervical Lines of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 6. Roots of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• 7. Root Depressions of Mandibular Premolars (Proximal Views) /• TABLE 4-4: Occurrence and Relative Depth of Longitudinal Root Depressions (“Root Grooves”) in Premolarsa
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW /• FIGURE 4-31. /• 1. Outline Shape and Contacts of Mandibular Premolars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-32. /• FIGURE 4-33. /• FIGURE 4-34. /• 2. Occlusal Morphology of Mandibular Premolars (Occlusal View) /• a. Mandibular First Premolars: Ridges, Fossae, and Grooves (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-35. /• FIGURE 4-36. /• b. Two-Cusped Mandibular Second Premolars: Ridges, Fossae, and Grooves (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-37. /• c. Three-Cusped Mandibular Second Premolar: Ridges, Fossae, and Grooves (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 4-38. /• FIGURE 4-39. /• d. Marginal Ridge Grooves of All Mandibular Premolars from the Occlusal View /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• REVIEW Questions /• CRITICAL Thinking /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• FIGURE 4-40. /• FIGURE 4-41. /• FIGURE 4-42. /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCES /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data /• TABLE 4-5A: Size of Maxillary Premolars (Millimeters) (Measured by Dr. Woelfel and His Dental Hygiene Students, 1974–1979) /• TABLE 4-5B: Size of Mandibular Premolars (Millimeters) (Measured by Dr. Woelfel and His Dental Hygiene Students, 1974–1979) /• TABLE 4-6: Occurrence of Lingual Cusps on Mandibular Second Premolars (808 Females, 1532 Teeth)
  • CHAPTER 5: Morphology of Permanent Molars
  • SECTION I: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTIONS I, II, AND III
  • A. LOCATION OF MOLARS IN THE MOUTH /• FIGURE 5-1. /• FIGURE 5-2.
  • B. FUNCTIONS OF MOLARS /• FIGURE 5-3.
  • SECTION II: CLASS TRAITS THAT APPLY TO MOST MOLARS
  • A. CROWN SHAPE FOR MOLARS /• B. CROWN SIZE FOR MOLARS /• C. TAPER FROM BUCCAL TO LINGUAL FOR MOST MOLARS /• D. TAPER TO THE DISTAL FOR MOST MOLARS /• E. CREST (HEIGHT) OF CURVATURE FOR ALL MOLARS /• F. CONTACT AREAS FOR ALL MOLARS
  • SECTION III: ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS
  • A. CROWN OUTlINE TO DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS
  • B. NUMBERS OF CUSPS (AND NUMBER OF LOBES) THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS /• TABLE 5-1: Molars: Guidelines for Determining Number of lobes for Molars
  • C. CROWN TILT THAT DISTINGUISHES MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS /• FIGURE 5-4.
  • D. NUMBER OF ROOTS DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS /• TABLE 5-2: Arch Traits to Distinguish Mandibular from Maxillary Molars
  • SECTION IV: TYPE TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MANDIBULAR SECOND FROM FIRST MOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES
  • A. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW /• 1. Crown Proportions (Buccal View) /• 2. Taper of Mandibular Molars (Buccal View) /• 3. Number and Relative Height of Mandibular Molar Buccal Cusps and Grooves That Separate Them (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 5-5. /• FIGURE 5-6. /• FIGURE 5-7. /• 4. Proximal Contacts of Mandibular Molars (Buccal View) /• 5. Cervical Lines of Mandibular Molars (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 5-8. /• 6. Roots of Mandibular Molars (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 5-9. /• FIGURE 5-10.
  • B. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 5-11. /• 1. Number and Relative Size of Mandibular Cusps and the Lingual Groove (Lingual View) /• 2. Narrower Crown lingually on Mandibular Molars (Lingual View) /• 3. Cervical Line of Mandibular Molars (Lingual View) /• 4. Roots of Mandibular Molars (Lingual View)
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 5-12. /• 1. Crown Shape and Tilt (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-13. /• 2. Number and Relative Size of Mandibular Molar Cusps (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-14. /• 3. Crest (height) of Contour of Mandibular Molars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-15. /• 4. Taper Toward Distal of Mandibular Molars (Proximal Views) /• 5. Cervical lines of the Mandibular Molars When Comparing Proximal Views /• 6. Marginal Ridge Heights of Mandibular Molars When Comparing Proximal Views /• 7. Roots and Root Depressions of Mandibular Molars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-16. /• FIGURE 5-17.
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW /• FIGURE 5-18. /• 1. Relative Size of Cusps of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-19. /• 2. Outline Shape and Taper of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-20. /• 3. Ridges of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-21. /• 4. Fossae of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-22. /• 5. Grooves of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• 6. Proximal Contact Areas and Embrasures of Mandibular Molars (Occlusal View) /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• FIGURE 5-23. /• REVIEW Questions on Mandibular Molars
  • SECTION V: TYPE TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM FIRST MOLARS
  • OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION V /• A. TYPE TRAITS OF THE MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW /• 1. Number and Relative Height and Size of Cusps on Maxillary Molars and Associated Grooves (Buccal View) /• FIGURE 5-24. /• FIGURE 5-25. /• FIGURE 5-26. /• 2. Crown Proportion, Shape, and Taper (Buccal View) /• 3. Proximal Contacts of Maxillary Molars (Buccal View) (Same for all Molars) /• TABLE 5-3: Molars: location of proximal Contactsa (proximal Crest of Curvature) Seen Best from Buccal /• TABLE 5-4: Summary of location of proximal Contacts on all Teetha (proximal Crests of Curvature) Seen Best from Facial view /• 4. Roots of Maxillary Molars from the Buccal View /• B. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW /• FIGURE 5-27. /• 1. Relative Size and Taper of Maxillary Molars (Lingual View) /• 2. Number and Relative Size of Lingual Cusps and lingual Groove on Maxillary Molars (Lingual View) /• FIGURE 5-28. /• 3. Roots of Maxillary Molars (Lingual View)
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS /• FIGURE 5-29. /• 1. Crown Shape of Maxillary Molar Cusps (Proximal Views) /• 2. Number and Relative Size of Maxillary Molar Cusps (Proximal Views) /• 3. Crest of Curvature for Maxillary Molars (Proximal views) (Same for all Posterior Teeth) /• FIGURE 5-30. /• 4. Taper Toward Distal of Maxillary Molars (Distal View) /• 5. Marginal Ridges of Maxillary Molars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-31. /• 6. Cervical lines of Maxillary Molars (Proximal Views) /• FIGURE 5-32. /• 7. Roots and Root Depressions of Maxillary Molars (Proximal Views) /• TABLE 5-5: Summary of presence and Relative Depth of longitudinal Root Depressions (“Root Grooves”)a
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW /• FIGURE 5-33. /• 1. Numbers and Size of Cusps on Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-34. /• FIGURE 5-35. /• 2. Outline Shape and Taper of Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-36. /• FIGURE 5-37. /• 3. Ridges of Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• FIGURE 5-38. /• 4. Fossae of Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-39. /• FIGURE 5-40. /• 5. Grooves on Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-41. /• 6. Proximal Contacts of Maxillary Molars (Occlusal View) /• FIGURE 5-42. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• FIGURE 5-43. /• REVIEW Questions on Maxillary Molars
  • SECTION VI: MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR TYPE TRAITS
  • OBJECTIVES
  • A. NUMBER AND LOCATION OF THIRD MOLARS
  • B. SIZE AND SHAPE OF THIRD MOLARS
  • C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY THIRD MOLARS THAT ARE SIMILAR TO FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS
  • D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS THAT ARE SIMILAR TO MANDIBULAR FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS /• FIGURE 5-44.
  • E. TYPE TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE THIRD MOLARS FROM FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS /• FIGURE 5-45. /• FIGURE 5-46. /• FIGURE 5-47.
  • F. SHOULD ALL THIRD MOLARS BE EXTRACTED? /• FIGURE 5-48. /• FIGURE 5-49. /• LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION VII: INTERESTING VARIATIONS AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN MOLARS
  • Variation in the Number of Cusps /• FIGURE 5-50. /• FIGURE 5-51. /• FIGURE 5-52. /• Fifth Cusp (of Carabelli) /• FIGURE 5-53. /• TABLE 5-6: Frequency of Occurrence and Type of Fifth (Carabelli) Cusp Formation on 1558 Maxillary First Molarsa /• Cusp Position /• Grooves /• Relative Crown Size /• Variations in Roots /• FIGURE 5-54. /• FIGURE 5-55. /• Animal Molars /• FIGURE 5-56. /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCES /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data /• TABLE 5-7: Sizes of Maxillary Molars (Millimeters) (Measured by Dr. woelfel and his Dental hygiene Students, 1974–1979) /• TABLE 5-8: Sizes of Mandibular Molars (Millimeters) (Measured by Dr. woelfel and his Dental hygiene Students, 1974–1979)
  • CHAPTER 6: Primary (and Mixed) Dentition
  • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT PRIMARY TEETH
  • A. DEFINITIONS
  • B. NAMING PRIMARY TEETH BASED ON LOCATION WITHIN THE ARCH
  • C. PRIMARY TOOTH IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS /• FIGURE 6-1. /• FIGURE 6-2.
  • D. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIMARY DENTITION /• FIGURE 6-3. /• FIGURE 6-4. /• FIGURE 6-5.
  • SECTION II: DEVELOPMENTAL DATA FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TEETH
  • TABLE 6-1: Permanent Tooth Formation and Emergence Times
  • TABLE 6-2: Tooth Development and Eruption: Primary Teeth /• FIGURE 6-6. /• A. IMPORTANT TIMES FOR TOOTH ERUPTION /• B. CROWN AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT /• 1. Crown Calcification of Primary Teeth /• FIGURE 6-7. /• 2. Roots Form and Primary Teeth Erupt /• 3. Order of Emergence of Primary Teeth (from 6 Months to about 2 Years Old)
  • TABLE 6-3: Chart Representing Order of Primary Tooth Eruption Based on Data in Table 6-2 /• FIGURE 6-8. /• FIGURE 6-9. /• FIGURE 6-10. /• 4. Primary Tooth Root Complete by 3 Years /• 5. Maintaining Space for Permanent Teeth
  • TABLE 6-4: Primary Tooth Size Compared to Their Successors /• FIGURE 6-11. /• 6. Exfoliation (Shedding) of Primary Teeth Followed by the Eruption of the Permanent Teeth /• FIGURE 6-12. /• 7. Mixed Dentition (from about 6 to 12 Years Old) /• 8. Crown Formation of Permanent Teeth /• 9. Order of Emergence for Permanent Teeth
  • TABLE 6-5: Chart Representing the Usual Order of Permanent Dentition Tooth Eruption Based on Data from Table 6-1
  • SECTION III: TRAITS OF MOST ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PRIMARY TEETH COMPARED TO PERMANENT TEETH
  • FIGURE 6-13. /• FIGURE 6-14. /• FIGURE 6-15.
  • SECTION IV: CLASS AND TYPE TRAITS OF PRIMARY ANTERIOR TEETH
  • A. TRAITS OF CROWNS OF MOST PRIMARY ANTERIOR TEETH /• FIGURE 6-16. /• FIGURE 6-17.
  • B. TRAITS OF ROOTS OF MOST PRIMARY ANTERIOR TEETH
  • C. TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE EACH TYPE OF PRIMARY INCISOR /• 1. Primary Incisors from the Labial View /• a. Outline Shape of Primary Incisor Crowns from the Labial View /• FIGURE 6-18. /• FIGURE 6-19. /• FIGURE 6-20. /• b. Surface Morphology of Primary Incisors from the Labial View /• c. Root-to-Crown Proportion of Primary Incisors from the Labial View /• 2. Primary Incisors from the Lingual View /• FIGURE 6-21. /• 3. Primary Incisors from the Proximal Views (Mesial and Distal) /• a. Crown Outlines of Primary Incisors from the Proximal Views /• b. root shape of Primary Incisors from the Proximal Views /• 4. Primary Incisors from the Incisal View /• FIGURE 6-22.
  • D. TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE PRIMARY CANINES /• 1. Primary Canines from the Labial View /• a. Outline Shape of Primary Canines from the Labial View /• FIGURE 6-23. /• b. Cervical Lines of Primary Canines from the Labial View /• c. Roots of Primary Canines from the Labial View /• 2. Primary Canines from the Lingual View /• 3. Primary Canines from the Proximal (Mesial and Distal) Views /• 4. Primary Canines from the Incisal View
  • SECTION V: CLASS AND TYPE TRAITS OF PRIMARY MOLARS
  • A. TRAITS OF CROWNS OF MOST PRIMARY MOLARS /• FIGURE 6-24. /• FIGURE 6-25. /• FIGURE 6-26. /• FIGURE 6-27.
  • B. TRAITS OF ROOTS OF MOST PRIMARY MOLARS /• FIGURE 6-28.
  • C. TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE EACH TYPE OF PRIMARY MOLAR /• 1. Type Traits of Primary Second Molars /• FIGURE 6-29. /• FIGURE 6-30. /• a. Traits that Distinguish Primary Mandibular Second Molars /• FIGURE 6-31. /• b. Traits that Distinguish Primary Maxillary Second Molars /• FIGURE 6-32. /• FIGURE 6-33. /• 2. Type Traits of Primary First Molars /• FIGURE 6-34. /• FIGURE 6-35. /• a. Traits that Distinguish Primary Maxillary First Molars /• FIGURE 6-36. /• FIGURE 6-37. /• b. Traits that Distinguish Primary Mandibular First Molars /• FIGURE 6-38. /• FIGURE 6-39.
  • SECTION VI: PULP CAVITIES OF PRIMARY TEETH
  • FIGURE 6-40. /• LEARNING EXERCISES
  • TABLE 6-6: Arch Traits That Distinguish Primary Maxillary from Mandibular Teeth
  • TABLE 6-7: How to Tell Right from Left Primary Teeth /• LEARNING EXERCISES: CASE STUDIES /• FIGURE 6-41. /• FIGURE 6-42. /• FIGURE 6-43. /• FIGURE 6-44.
  • TABLE 6-8: Expected Teeth Based on Normal Position from the Midline • FIGURE 6-45. • FIGURE 6-46. • REVIEW Questions • CRITICAL Thinking • REFERENCES • Dr. Woelfel’s Additional Research Data
  • PART 2: Application of Tooth Anatomy in Dental Practice
  • CHAPTER 7: Periodontal Anatomy • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: DEFINITIONS OF BASIC PERIODONTAL TERMS • FIGURE 7-1.
  • SECTION II: THE HEALTHY PERIODONTIUM
  • A. ALVEOLAR BONE
  • B. TOOTH ROOT SURFACE
  • C. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (ABBREVIATED PDL)
  • D. GINGIVA /• 1. Description of Healthy Gingiva and Oral Mucosa /• FIGURE 7-2. /• FIGURE 7-3. /• FIGURE 7-4. /• TABLE 7-1: Characteristics of Normal Gingiva Compared to Diseased Gingiva /• FIGURE 7-5. /• a. Free Gingiva /• FIGURE 7-6. /• FIGURE 7-7. /• b. Attached Gingiva /• c. Alveolar Mucosa /• 2. Functions of Healthy Gingiva /• a. Support from Gingiva /• b. Protection from Gingiva /• c. Esthetics of Healthy Gingiva /• FIGURE 7-8. /• d. Phonetics /• 3. Functions of the Healthy Periodontal Ligament, Alveolar Bone, and Cementum /• FIGURE 7-9.
  • SECTION III: ANATOMY OF DISEASED PERIODONTIUM /• A. GINGIVITIS /• FIGURE 7-10. /• B. PERIODONTITIS /• FIGURE 7-11. /• 1. Factors Contributing to Periodontitis /• C. GINGIVAL RECESSION19 /• FIGURE 7-12. /• FIGURE 7-13. /• FIGURE 7-14. /• FIGURE 7-15. /• FIGURE 7-16. /• FIGURE 7-17.
  • SECTION IV: PERIODONTAL MEASUREMENTS: INDICATORS OF DISEASE AND CONDITIONS /• FIGURE 7-18.
  • A. TOOTH MOBILITY /• 1. Technique to Determine Tooth movement /• FIGURE 7-19. /• TABLE 7-2: Numbers assigned to mobility Categories
  • B. PROBE DEPTHS /• FIGURE 7-20. /• FIGURE 7-21. /• FIGURE 7-22. /• 1. Probing Technique
  • C. GINGIVAL MARGIN LEVEL (GINGIVAL RECESSION OR NONRECESSION) /• 1. Technique to Determine the Gingival Margin Level
  • D. CLINICAL ATTACHMENT LOSS (SAME AS CLINICAL ATTACHMENT LEVEL) /• 1. Technique to Determine Clinical Attachment Loss /• FIGURE 7-23.
  • E. BLEEDING ON PROBING /• FIGURE 7-24. /• 1. Technique to Document Bleeding on Probing
  • F. FURCATION INVOLVEMENT /• FIGURE 7-25. /• FIGURE 7-26. /• FIGURE 7-27. /• TABLE 7-3: Normal location of furcations /• FIGURE 7-28. /• FIGURE 7-29. /• FIGURE 7-30. /• FIGURE 7-31. /• FIGURE 7-32. /• 1. Technique to Document Furcation Involvement /• TABLE 7-4: Notations for Three Categories of furcation Involvement
  • G. LACK OF ATTACHED GINGIVA (PREVIOUSLY CALLED A MUCOGINGIVAL DEFECT) /• FIGURE 7-33. /• FIG/URE 7-34. /• 1. Technique for Determining Lack of Attached Gingiva
  • H. THE PLAQUE SCORE (INDEX) /• 1. Technique to Determine (Calculate) a Plaque Score (Index)31 /• FIGURE 7-35.
  • SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND RESTORATIONS (FILLINGS)
  • SECTION VI: RELATIONSHIP OF TOOTH SUPPORT AND ROOT MORPHOLOGY33 • FIGURE 7-36. • FIGURE 7-37.
  • SECTION VII: INFLUENCE OF ROOT ANATOMY AND ANOMALIES ON THE PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE • FIGURE 7-38. • FIGURE 7-39.
  • SECTION VIII: PERIODONTAL DISEASE THERAPIES36–38
  • SECTION IX: THE INFLUENCE OF TOOTH ANATOMY ON PERIODONTAL INSTRUMENTATION, ORAL HYGIENE INSTRUCTION, AND PERIODONTAL MAINTENANCE /• FIGURE 7-40. /• FIGURE 7-41. /• FIGURE 7-42. /• FIGURE 7-43. /• FIGURE 7-44. /• FIGURE 7-45. /• FIGURE 7-46.
  • SECTION X: DENTAL IMPLANTS /• FIGURE 7-47. /• FIGURE 7-48. /• FIGURE 7-49. /• REVIEW Questions /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• RESOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR PERIODONTICS /• ADDITIONAL INTER NET RESOURCES /• BASIC TEXTBOOKS /• RESOURCES FOR THE PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND PERIODONTAL THERAPY /• RESOURCE FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASE CLASSIFICATION /• Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research on Gingival Sulcus Depths
  • CHAPTER 8: Application of Root and Pulp Morphology Related to Endodontic Therapy /• OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: INTERNAL PULP CAVITY MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO ENDODONTIC AND RESTORATIVE THERAPY
  • A. THE SHAPE OF PULP CAVITIES AND CONFIGURATION OF PULP CANALS • 1. Pulp Chamber and Pulp Horns • FIGURE 8-1. • TABLE 8-1: Guidelines for Numbers of Pulp Horns in Adult Teeth • 2. Root Canals (Pulp Canals) • FIGURE 8-2. • FIGURE 8-3.
  • B. SHAPE OF PULP CAVITIES IN SOUND YOUNG TEETH • LEARNING EXERCISE • FIGURE 8-4.
  • 1. Pulp Shape in Anterior Teeth (Incisors and Canines) • a. Pulp Chamber and Pulp Horns of Anterior Teeth • FIGURE 8-5. • FIGURE 8-6. • FIGURE 8-7. • b. Root Canal(s) of Anterior Teeth
  • 2. Pulp Shape in Premolars • a. Pulp Chambers and Pulp Horns in Premolars • FIGURE 8-8. • b. Root Canal(s) and Orifices of Premolars • FIGURE 8-9. • FIGURE 8-10.
  • 3. Pulp Shape in Molars • a. Pulp Chambers and Pulp Horns in Molars • FIGURE 8-11. • FIGURE 8-12. • b. Root Canal(s) and Orifices of Molars • FIGURE 8-13. • TABLE 8-2: Most Common Numbers of Roots and Canals in Adult Teeth
  • 4. Pulp Shape in Primary Teeth
  • C. WHY PULP CAVITIES GET SMALLER IN OLDER TEETH
  • D. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PULP MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY • FIGURE 8-14.
  • E. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PULP MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO ENDODONTICS • 1. Endodontics Defined • 2. Diagnosis of Pulpal and Periapical Disease • FIGURE 8-15. • FIGURE 8-16. • 3. Endodontic Therapy • FIGURE 8-17. • FIGURE 8-18. • FIGURE 8-19.
  • SECTION II: LOCATION OF ROOT AND CERVICAL CROWN CONCAVITIES, FURCATIONS, DEPRESSIONS, AND CANALS • A. MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS • B. MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISORS • C. MANDIBULAR CENTRAL AND LATERAL INCISORS • D. MAXILLARY CANINES • E. MANDIBULAR CANINES • F. MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLARS • G. MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLARS • H. MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLARS • I. MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLARS • J. MANDIBULAR FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS • K. MAXILLARY FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS • TABLE 8-3: Summary: Presence and Relative Depth of Longitudinal Root Depressions (“Root Grooves”)
  • SECTION III: ETHNIC VARIATIONS IN PULP AND ROOT CANAL MORPHOLOGY • REVIEW Questions • CRITICAL Thinking • REFERENCES • OTHER GENERAL REFERENCES • Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data
  • CHAPTER 9: Functional Occlusion and Malocclusion • Objectives
  • SECTION I: IDEAL OCCLUSION VERSUS MALOCCLUSION
  • A. IDEAL CLASS I OCCLUSION • FIGURE 9-1. • FIGURE 9-2. • FIGURE 9-3. • FIGURE 9-4.
  • B. DENTAL MALOCCLUSIONS OF TEETH • 1. Terms Defining Poor Alignment of Teeth within an Arch • FIGURE 9-5. • FIGURE 9-6. • FIGURE 9-7. • 2. Terms Related to Tooth-to-Tooth Malocclusion • FIGURE 9-8. • FIGURE 9-9. • FIGURE 9-10. • FIGURE 9-11.
  • C. CLASS II MALOCCLUSION • FIGURE 9-12.
  • D. CLASS III MALOCCLUSION • FIGURE 9-13. • FIGURE 9-14.
  • SECTION II: MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
  • A. ANATOMY OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT • FIGURE 9-15. • 1. Mandibular Condyle • FIGURE 9-16. • 2. Articular Fossa and Articular Eminence • FIGURE 9-17. • 3. Articular Disc • FIGURE 9-18. • 4. Fibrous Capsule • FIGURE 9-19.
  • B. MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE LOWER JOINT SPACE
  • C. MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE UPPER JOINT SPACE • FIGURE 9-20. • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • D. TOTAL JOINT MOVEMENT
  • E. DISLOCATION OF THE MANDIBLE
  • SECTION III: TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE JAW RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MANDIBLE AND THE MAXILLAE
  • A. MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION • FIGURE 9-21. • FIGURE 9-22.
  • B. CENTRIC RELATION • FIGURE 9-23. • FIGURE 9-24. • LEARNING EXERCISE • TABLE 9-1: Deflective Centric Relation Tooth Contact Data from 811 Dental Hygienists
  • C. PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION • FIGURE 9-25.
  • D. JAW RELATIONSHIPS DURING HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS OF THE MANDIBLE • 1. Protrusive Jaw Relation and Occlusion • FIGURE 9-26. • TABLE 9-2: Incisor and Canine Overlap of 1114 Students • FIGURE 9-27. • FIGURE 9-28. • 2. Lateral Mandibular Relation and Occlusion • FIGURE 9-29. • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION IV: FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS WHEN EATING: CHEWING AND SWALLOWING
  • A. INCISING
  • B. MASTICATION (CHEWING) • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • C. SWALLOWING (DEGLUTITION) • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • SECTION V: PARAFUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS AND HEAVY TOOTH CONTACTS: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
  • SECTION VI: TREATMENT METHODS RELATED TO MALOCCLUSION
  • A. PATIENT EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR THERAPY
  • B. STRESS MANAGEMENT AND MUSCLE RELAXATION
  • C. CHANGING JAW RELATIONSHIPS WITH AN OCCLUSAL DEVICE • FIGURE 9-30.
  • • D. CHANGING TEETH SHAPES TO TREAT SYMPTOMS OF MALOCCLUSION • FIGURE 9-31.
  • E. CHANGING TOOTH LOCATION TO TREAT MALOCCLUSION • FIGURE 9-32.
  • SECTION VII: ADVANCED TOPICS IN OCCLUSION
  • A. ENVELOPE OF MOTION • FIGURE 9-33. • FIGURE 9-34.
  • B. ACCURATE RECORDING OF THE CENTRIC RELATION JAW POSITION • FIGURE 9-35. • FIGURE 9-36.
  • C. LONG CENTRIC ARTICULATION • LEARNING EXERCISE • FIGURE 9-37. • FIGURE 9-38. • FIGURE 9-39. • TABLE 9-3: Capability of Mandibular Movement of 1114 Students • LEARNING EXERCISE • REVIEW Questions • CRITICAL Thinking • REFERENCES • GENERAL REFERENCES • Interesting Research Data of Dr. Woelfel and Others • TABLE 9-4: Terminal Hinge (Rotary) Opening Capability of 352 Dental Hygiene Studentsa • TABLE 9-5: Prevalence of Crepitus During Maximum Openinga • TABLE 9-6: Incisal and Canine Guidance Angles of 1114 Students • TABLE 9-7: Eccentric Occlusal Contacts of 342 Hygiene Students
  • CHAPTER 10: Treating Decayed, Broken, and Missing Teeth • Objectives
  • SECTION I: OVERVIEW OF DENTAL DECAY (CARIOUS LESIONS) • FIGURE 10-1. • FIGURE 10-2. • FIGURE 10-3. • FIGURE 10-4.
  • SECTION II: OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, AND PROSTHODONTICS: DEFINITIONS
  • SECTION III: DENTAL MATERIALS USED TO RESTORE TEETH
  • A. AMALGAM • FIGURE 10-5.
  • B. ESTHETIC RESTORATIVE MATERIALS • FIGURE 10-6.
  • C. CAST METAL RESTORATIONS • FIGURE 10-7.
  • D. PORCELAIN: INLAYS, ONLAYS, CROWNS, AND VENEERS • FIGURE 10-8.
  • SECTION IV: PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
  • A. INITIAL TOOTH PREPARATION • FIGURE 10-9.
  • B. FINAL TOOTH PREPARATION • FIGURE 10-10.
  • SECTION V: RESTORING EACH CLASS OF CARIES
  • A. CLASS I CARIES • 1. Class I Caries: Defined and Diagnosed • FIGURE 10-11. • FIGURE 10-12. • 2. Class I Caries: When to Restore or Apply Sealants • 3. Class I Preparation and Restoration: Terminology • FIGURE 10-13. • FIGURE 10-14. • LEARNING EXERCISE • 4. Class I: Applied Principles of Initial Tooth Preparation • FIGURE 10-15. • a. Outline Form and Initial Depth (Class I) • FIGURE 10-16. • b. Primary Resistance Form (Class I) • c. Retention (Class I)
  • B. CLASS II CARIES • 1. Class II Caries: Defined and Diagnosed • FIGURE 10-17. • FIGURE 10-18. • FIGURE 10-19. • 2. Class II Caries: When to Restore • 3. Class II: Terminology • FIGURE 10-20. • FIGURE 10-21. • 4. Class II: Applied Principles of Initial Tooth Preparation • a. Outline Form and Initial Depth (Class II) • FIGURE 10-22. • FIGURE 10-23. • b. Primary Retention Form (Class II) • 5. Class II: Preparations for Indirect Restorations • FIGURE 10-24. • FIGURE 10-25. • FIGURE 10-26.
  • C. CLASS III CARIES /• 1. Class III Caries: Defined and Diagnosed /• FIGURE 10-27. /• FIGURE 10-28. /• FIGURE 10-29. /• FIGURE 10-30. /• 2. Class III Caries: When to Restore /• 3. Class III Preparation and Restoration: Terminology /• FIGURE 10-31. /• FIGURE 10-32. /• 4. Class III: Applied Principles of Initial Tooth Preparation /• a. Outline Form and Initial Depth: Class III /• b. Primary Retention: Class III
  • D. CLASS IV CARIES • 1. Class IV Caries: Defined and Diagnosed • FIGURE 10-33. • FIGURE 10-34. • 2. Class IV Caries: When to Restore • 3. Class IV Preparation and Restoration: Terminology • FIGURE 10-35. • FIGURE 10-36. • 4. Class IV: Applied Principles of Initial Tooth Preparation
  • E. CLASS V CARIES • 1. Class V Caries: Defined and Diagnosed • FIGURE 10-37. • FIGURE 10-38. • FIGURE 10-39. • FIGURE 10-40. • 2. Class V Caries: When to Restore • 3. Class V Preparation and Restoration: Terminology • FIGURE 10-41. • FIGURE 10-42. • 4. Class V: Applied Principles of Initial Tooth Preparation
  • F. CLASS VI TYPE OF DENTAL CARIES • FIGURE 10-43.
  • SECTION VI: RESTORING LARGE TOOTH DEFECTS AND TOOTH REPLACEMENT /• FIGURE 10-44. /• FIGURE 10-45. /• FIGURE 10-46. /• FIGURE 10-47. /• FIGURE 10-48. /• FIGURE 10-49. /• FIGURE 10-50. /• FIGURE 10-51. /• LEARNING EXERCISE /• BRIEF OVERVIEW OF DENTAL CARIES AND RESTORATION LONGEVITY RESEARCH /• REVIEW Questions /• CRITICAL Thinking /• REFERENCES /• GENERAL REFERENCE
  • CHAPTER 11: Dental Anomalies • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: ANODONTIA: ABSENCE OF TEETH
  • A. TOTAL ANODONTIA
  • B. PARTIAL ANODONTIA • 1. Most Commonly Missing Permanent Teeth • 2. Second Most Commonly Missing Teeth • FIGURE 11-1. • 3. Third Most Commonly Missing Teeth • FIGURE 11-2. • FIGURE 11-3.
  • SECTION II: EXTRA OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
  • A. MAXILLARY INCISOR AREA • FIGURE 11-4. • FIGURE 11-5.
  • B. THIRD MOLAR AREA • FIGURE 11-6.
  • C. MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR AREA • FIGURE 11-7. • FIGURE 11-8.
  • SECTION III: ABNORMAL TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
  • A. ABNORMAL CROWN MORPHOLOGY • 1. Third Molar Malformations • 2. Peg-Shaped Lateral Incisors • FIGURE 11-9. • FIGURE 11-10. • 3. Gemination or Twinning • FIGURE 11-11. • FIGURE 11-12. • 4. Fusion • FIGURE 11-13. • FIGURE 11-14. • FIGURE 11-15. • 5. Hutchinson Incisors and Mulberry Molars • FIGURE 11-16. • 6. Accessory Cusps, Tubercles, or Ridges • FIGURE 11-17. • FIGURE 11-18. • FIGURE 11-19. • FIGURE 11-20. • FIGURE 11-21. • 7. Variations in Tooth Size • FIGURE 11-22. • 8. Shovel-Shaped Maxillary Incisors • FIGURE 11-23.
  • B. ABNORMAL ROOT MORPHOLOGY • 1. Enamel Pearls • FIGURE 11-24. • 2. Taurodontia • FIGURE 11-25. • 3. Dilaceration • FIGURE 11-26. • FIGURE 11-27. • 4. Dens in Dente • FIGURE 11-28. • 5. Concrescence • FIGURE 11-29. • 6. Dwarfed Roots • 7. Hypercementosis • FIGURE 11-30. • 8. Extra (Accessory) Roots • FIGURE 11-31. • FIGURE 11-32. • FIGURE 11-33. • FIGURE 11-34.
  • C. ANOMALIES IN TOOTH POSITION • 1. Unerupted (Impacted) Teeth • FIGURE 11-35. • 2. Misplaced Teeth (Ectopic Eruption or Transposition) • FIGURE 11-36. • FIGURE 11-37. • 3. Tooth Rotation • FIGURE 11-38. • 4. Ankylosis
  • D. ADDITIONAL TOOTH DEVELOPMENTAL MALFORMATIONS (AND DISCOLORATION) • 1. Enamel Dysplasia • a. Amelogenesis Imperfecta • FIGURE 11-39. • b. Fluorosis • FIGURE 11-40. • c. Enamel Damage Due to High Fever • FIGURE 11-41. • d. Focal Hypoplasia (or Hypomaturation) • FIGURE 11-42. • 2. Dentin Dysplasia • a. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta • FIGURE 11-43. • b. Tetracycline Stain • FIGURE 11-44.
  • E. CHANGES IN TOOTH SHAPE DUE TO INJURY AFTER TOOTH ERUPTION • 1. Attrition • FIGURE 11-45. • 2. Abrasion • FIGURE 11-46. • 3. Erosion • FIGURE 11-47.
  • F. UNUSUAL DENTITIONS • FIGURE 11-48. • FIGURE 11-49. • REVIEW Questions • CRITICAL Thinking • REFERENCES • WEB SITE OF NOTE
  • CHAPTER 12: Forensic Dentistry • Acknowledgments • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: FORENSIC DENTISTRY DEFINED
  • SECTION II: DENTISTRY AND HUMAN IDENTIFICATION • FIGURE 12-1. • FIGURE 12-2. • FIGURE 12-3. • FIGURE 12-4. • FIGURE 12-5.
  • SECTION III: CIVIL LITIGATION (INCLUDING HUMAN ABUSE AND NEGLECT) • FIGURE 12-6. • FIGURE 12-7.
  • SECTION IV: BITE MARKS • FIGURE 12-8.
  • SECTION V: MASS DISASTERS AND HUMAN IDENTIFICATION
  • A. PREPARATION AND TRAINING
  • B. INITIAL RESPONSE
  • C. MORGUE AND FORENSIC DENTAL IDENTIFICATION OPERATIONS • FIGURE 12-9.
  • D. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY • FIGURE 12-10.
  • E. MASS DISASTER CASE STUDIES • FIGURE 12-11. • FIGURE 12-12. • FIGURE 12-13.
  • SECTION VI: IMPORTANCE OF FORENSIC DENTISTRY TO PRACTICING DENTISTS • GENERAL REFERENCES
  • CHAPTER 13: Guidelines for Drawing, Sketching, and Carving Teeth • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: DRAWING TEETH
  • A. MATERIALS NEEDED
  • B. HOW TO ACCURATELY REPRODUCE A TOOTH OUTLINE • FIGURE 13-1. • FIGURE 13-2. • FIGURE 13-3.
  • • C. EXAMPLE: ACCURATELY REPRODUCE THE SHAPE OF A MANDIBULAR CANINE (COPYING AN ACTUAL TOOTH OR TOOTH MODEL) • 1. Facial Views • 2. Lingual Views • 3. Mesial and Distal Views • 4. Incisal View
  • SECTION II: SKETCH TEETH RECOGNIZABLY FROM MEMORY • FIGURE 13-4. • FIGURE 13-5.
  • SECTION III: CARVING TEETH
  • A. MATERIALS NEEDED
  • B. HOW TO CARVE A TOOTH • FIGURE 13-6. • FIGURE 13-7.
  • C. EXAMPLE: HOW TO CARVE A MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR FROM A BLOCK OF WAX • FIGURE 13-8. • FIGURE 13-9. • FIGURE 13-10. • FIGURE 13-11. • FIGURE 13-12. • FIGURE 13-13.
  • D. ADVICE • GENERAL REFERENCES
  • PART 3: Anatomic Structures of the Oral Cavity
  • CHAPTER 14: Structures That Form the Foundation for Tooth Function
  • SECTION I: BONES OF THE HUMAN SKULL (WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SPHENOID, TEMPORAL, MAXILLA, AND MANDIBLE BONES)
  • • OBJECTIVES OF THIS SECTION • FIGURE 14-1.
  • A. BONES THAT COVER THE SUPERIOR PORTION OF THE BRAINCASE • FIGURE 14-2.
  • B. BONES THAT FORM THE FLOOR OF THE BRAINCASE • 1. Occipital Bone • FIGURE 14-3. • 2. Ethmoid Bone • FIGURE 14-4. • FIGURE 14-5. • 3. Sphenoid Bone • FIGURE 14-6. • FIGURE 14-7.
  • C. LARGE BONES OF THE FACE AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) • 1. Maxilla • a. Body of the Maxilla (Structures Seen in Fig. 14-7) • b. Maxillary Sinus or Antrum (and Other Paranasal Sinuses) • FIGURE 14-8. • FIGURE 14-9. • c. Bony Processes of Each Maxilla • Frontal (or Nasofrontal) Process • Zygomatic Process • Alveolar Process • FIGURE 14-10. • Palatine Process of the Maxilla • FIGURE 14-11. • 2. Palatine Bones • 3. Zygomatic Bones • FIGURE 14-12. • 4. Mandible: Forming the Inferior Portion of the Temporomandibular Joint • FIGURE 14-13. • a. Body of the Mandible: External Surface • b. Ramus of the Mandible: Lateral Surfaces • c. Internal or Medial Surface of Mandible • FIGURE 14-14. • 5. Temporal Bones: Forming the Superior Part of the Temporomandibular Joint • FIGURE 14-15. • FIGURE 14-16. • FIGURE 14-17.
  • D. SMALL BONES OF THE FACE • FIGURE 14-18. • E. HYOID BONE • REVIEW QUESTIONS • LEARNING EXERCISES
  • SECTION II: THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) • OBJECTIVES
  • A. ANATOMY OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT • FIGURE 14-19. • FIGURE 14-20. • 1. Mandibular Condyle • FIGURE 14-21. • 2. Articular Fossa (Nonfunctioning Portion) and Articular Eminence (Functioning Portion) • 3. Articular Disc • FIGURE 14-22. • TABLE 14-1: Prevalence of Crepitus during Maximum Openinga
  • B. LIGAMENTS THAT SUPPORT THE JOINT AND LIMIT JOINT MOVEMENT • 1. Fibrous Capsule (Capsular Ligament) • FIGURE 14-23. • FIGURE 14-24. • 2. Lateral Ligament (Formerly TMJ Ligament) • 3. Stylomandibular Ligament • 4. Sphenomandibular Ligament
  • C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT • FIGURE 14-25.
  • D. ADVANCED TOPICS: DIMENSIONS RELATED TO THE TMJ • FIGURE 14-26. • LEARNING EXERCISE • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • SECTION III: MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH • OBJECTIVES
  • A. MUSCLES INVOLVED IN MASTICATION (CHEWING) • 1. Masseter Muscle • FIGURE 14-27. • FIGURE 14-28. • LEARNING EXERCISE • 2. Temporalis Muscle • FIGURE 14-29. • FIGURE 14-30. • LEARNING EXERCISE • 3. Medial Pterygoid Muscle • FIGURE 14-31. • FIGURE 14-32. • FIGURE 14-33. • LEARNING EXERCISE • 4. Lateral Pterygoid Muscle • FIGURE 14-34. • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • B. OTHER MUSCLES AFFECTING MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT • FIGURE 14-35.
  • C. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING TOOTH POSITION OR MOVEMENT • FIGURE 14-36.
  • D. SUMMARY OF MUSCLES THAT MOVE AND CONTROL THE MANDIBLE • 1. Elevation of the Mandible • 2. Depression of the Mandible • 3. Retrusion • 4. Protrusion • 5. Lateral Excursion
  • E. ADVANCED TOPICS • 1. How Muscles Work • 2. Size of the Masseter Muscle • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • SECTION IV: NERVES OF THE ORAL CAVITY • OBJECTIVES • TABLE 14-2: The Twelve Cranial Nerves
  • A. TRIGEMINAL NERVE (FIFTH CN) • FIGURE 14-37. • 1. Division I (Ophthalmic Nerve) of the Trigeminal Nerve • FIGURE 14-38. • 2. Division II (Maxillary Nerve) of the Trigeminal Nerve • a. First Branch of the Maxillary Nerve: Pterygopalatine Nerve • FIGURE 14-39. • b. Second Branch of the Maxillary Nerve: Posterior Superior Alveolar (PSA) Nerve • FIGURE 14-40. • c. Third Branch of the Maxillary Nerve: Infraorbital Nerve • d. Fourth Branch of the Maxillary Nerve: Zygomatic Nerve • 3. Division III (Mandibular Nerve) of the Trigeminal Nerve • a. Auriculotemporal Nerve • FIGURE 14-41. • b. Buccal (Buccinator) Nerve • FIGURE 14-42. • c. Lingual Nerve • d. Inferior Alveolar Nerve • FIGURE 14-43. • FIGURE 14-44. • TABLE 14-3: Distribution of Branches of Trigeminal Nerve to the Teeth and Surrounding Structures • LEARNING EXERCISE
  • B. FACIAL NERVE (SEVENTH CN) • FIGURE 14-45. • FIGURE 14-46.
  • C. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (NINTH CN)
  • D. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (12TH CN)
  • E. SUMMARY OF NERVE SUPPLY TO THE TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, FACIAL SKIN, AND FACIAL MUSCLES • 1. Nerves Providing General Sensation (Touch and Pain) to the Tongue • 2. Nerves for Taste in the Tongue • 3. Nerves to the Tongue Muscles • 4. Nerves to the Major Muscles of Mastication • 5. Nerves to Most Muscles of Facial Expression • 6. Secretory Fibers to Salivary Glands • 7. Nerves to the Skin of the Face • LEARNING EXERCISES • REVIEW QUESTIONS • CRITICAL Thinking
  • SECTION V: VESSELS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORAL CAVITY (ARTERIES, VEINS, AND LYMPH VESSELS) • OBJECTIVES
  • A. ARTERIES • FIGURE 14-47. • FIGURE 14-48. • FIGURE 14-49.
  • B. VEINS • FIGURE 14-50. • LEARNING EXERCISES
  • C. LYMPH VESSELS • FIGURE 14-51. • LEARNING EXERCISES • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • SECTION VI: STRUCTURES VISIBLE ON A PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH • OBJECTIVES • LEARNING EXERCISES • FIGURE 14-52. • REFERENCES • GENERAL REFERENCES
  • CHAPTER 15: Oral Examination: Normal Anatomy of the Oral Cavity • OBJECTIVES
  • SECTION I: EXTRAORAL EXAMINATION: NORMAL STRUCTURES
  • A. GENERAL APPEARANCE
  • B. HEAD
  • C. SKIN AND UNDERLYING MUSCLES OF MASTICATION • FIGURE 15-1.
  • D. EYES
  • E. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
  • F. NECK • FIGURE 15-2. • FIGURE 15-3.
  • G. LYMPH NODES • FIGURE 15-4.
  • H. SALIVARY GLANDS (EXTRAORAL)
  • I. LIPS • FIGURE 15-5. • FIGURE 15-6.
  • SECTION II: INTRAORAL EXAMINATION: NORMAL STRUCTURES AS WELL AS LANDMARKS USED FOR PLACING LOCAL ANESTHETIC
  • A. LABIAL AND BUCCAL MUCOSA: VESTIBULE AND CHEEKS • FIGURE 15-7. • FIGURE 15-8. • FIGURE 15-9. • TECHNIQUE FOR INJECTING LOCAL ANESTHETIC TO NUMB ORAL STRUCTURES: BACKGROUND • INJECTIONS FOR THE PSA, MSA, AND ASA NERVES • FIGURE 15-10. • FIGURE 15-11. • FIGURE 15-12. • FIGURE 15-13. • FIGURE 15-14. • FIGURE 15-15. • FIGURE 15-16. • FIGURE 15-17. • FIGURE 15-18. • LONG BUCCAL INJECTION • FIGURE 15-19. • FIGURE 15-20.
  • B. THE PALATE: ROOF OF THE MOUTH • FIGURE 15-21. • 1. Hard Palate Structures • FIGURE 15-22. • NASOPALATINE NERVE INJECTION • FIGURE 15-23. • FIGURE 15-24. • GREATER PALATINE NERVE INJECTION • FIGURE 15-25. • FIGURE 15-26. • 2. The Soft Palate • FIGURE 15-27.
  • C. OROPHARYNX: FAUCES, PALATINE ARCHES, AND TONSILS • FIGURE 15-28. • INFERIOR ALVEOLAR INJECTION: ANESTHETIZING MANDIBULAR TEETH, SURROUNDING TISSUE, AND ADJACENT FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE • FIGURE 15-29. • FIGURE 15-30. • FIGURE 15-31. • FIGURE 15-32. • FIGURE 15-33.
  • D. TONGUE • 1. Dorsum of the Tongue • FIGURE 15-34. • FIGURE 15-35. • FIGURE 15-36. • 2. Ventral Surface of the Tongue • FIGURE 15-37.
  • E. FLOOR OF THE MOUTH • FIGURE 15-38. • FIGURE 15-39. • FIGURE 15-40. • FIGURE 15-41.
  • F. SALIVARY GLANDS (INTRAORAL)
  • G. ALVEOLAR PROCESS (OF UNDERLYING BONE)
  • H. GINGIVA • FIGURE 15-42. • FIGURE 15-43. • FIGURE 15-44. • FIGURE 15-45.
  • I. THE TEETH (COUNT THEM) • LEARNING EXERCISE • REVIEW QUESTIONS • CRITICAL Thinking • REFERENCES • GENERAL REFERENCES • Dr. Woelfel’s Original Research Data • Back Matter • Appendix
  • GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PERMANENT INCISORS • TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH THE MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR FROM THE MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR • TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH THE MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR FROM THE MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR • ARCH TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR INCISORS
  • GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST CANINES • General Canine Characteristics Similar to Incisors • ARCH TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH THE MAXILLARY CANINE FROM THE MANDIBULAR CANINE • GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PREMOLARS • ARCH TRAITS OF PREMOLARS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS • TYPE TRAITS DISTINGUISHING MAXILLARY FIRST FROM MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLARS • TYPE TRAITS DISTINGUISHING MANDIBULAR FIRST FROM MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLARS
  • GENERAL CLASS TRAITS FOR MOST MOLARS • ARCH TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS • TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MANDIBULAR FIRST FROM MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLARS • TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FIRST FROM MAXILLARY SECOND MOLARS • UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF ANTERIOR PRIMARY TEETH
  • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL PRIMARY MOLARS • Additional Characteristics Unique to Primary Maxillary Second Molars (Which Most Closely Resemble the Permanent Maxillary First Molars) • Additional Characteristics Unique to Primary Mandibular Second Molars (Which Most Closely Resemble the Permanent Mandibular First Molars) • Additional Characteristics Unique to Primary Maxillary First Molars (Which, from the Occlusal View, Somewhat Resemble Permanent Maxillary Premolars) • Additional Unique Characteristics of Primary Mandibular First Molars (Resembling No Other Tooth)
  • Glossary for Woelfel’s Dental Anatomy • A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U • V • W • X • Z • Index
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